Mill Test Certificate yog dab tsi thiab Vim Li Cas Nws Tseem Ceeb?
Txhua batchntawmstainless hlau thiab nickel alloy khoomnkoj nrog daim ntawv pov thawj zeb xeem - tab sis feem ntau cov neeg yuav khoom siv sijhawm tsawg dua 2 feeb los tshuaj xyuas nws.
Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Zeb Xeem (MTC), tseem hu ua Mill Test Report (MTR) lossis Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj Ua Raws Cai (CoC), yog daim ntawv pov thawj uas ua pov thawj koj cov hlau tsis muaj steel lossis npib tsib xee alloy cov khoom ua tau raws li cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, cov khoom siv, thiab qhov ntev uas koj tau xaj. Nws tsis yog ib qho kev muag khoom - nws yog cov ntaub ntawv raug cai raug cai kos npe los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom thiab, thaum xav tau, txheeb xyuas los ntawm lub chaw soj ntsuam ywj pheej.
Rau cov kws tshaj lij, tus thawj tswj hwm kev yuav khoom, thiab cov kws tshaj lij QA, MTC yog ib daim ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tshuaj xyuas zoo. Kev nyeem ntawv tsis raug - lossis tsis nyeem tag nrho - tau ua rau cov txheej txheem vuam ua tsis tiav, tsis lees txais cov kav dej, kev nplua rau kev tswj hwm, thiab kev ua haujlwm raug nqi qeeb. Hauv kev lag luam xws li roj thiab roj, kev lag luam hauv hiav txwv, thiab kev ua tshuaj lom neeg, qhov ploj lossis tsis yog - ua raws MTC tuaj yeem nres tag nrho qhov project.
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Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: MTC tsuas yog muaj txiaj ntsig raws li koj lub peev xwm nyeem nws. Phau ntawv qhia no qhia koj raws nraim li - ntu ntawm ntu. |
Phau ntawv qhia no suav tag nrho cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv EN 10204 daim ntawv pov thawj (tus qauv European tau lees paub thoob ntiaj teb), suav nrog 3.1 thiab 3.2 daim ntawv pov thawj hom, thiab piav qhia tias txhua daim teb txhais tau li cas, qhov tseem ceeb npaum li cas los kuaj xyuas, thiab pom cov chij liab li cas.
Document Header - Leej twg tsim Nws thiab leej twg tau lees paub nws?
Cov ntaub ntawv header muaj lub hauv paus ntawm tus kheej ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj. Nws qhia rau koj tias leej twg tsim cov khoom, leej twg muab cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov qauv twg nws thov kom ua raws. Tshooj lus no feem ntau raug saib xyuas, tab sis nws yog thawj kab ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov ntawv pov thawj kev dag.
Yuav nrhiav dab tsi hauv header
- Chaw tsim tshuaj paus npe, chaw nyob, thiab lub teb chaws tsim khoom
- Daim ntawv pov thawj naj npawb (tseem ceeb, traceable)
- Hnub tim ntawm qhov teeb meem thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, tus lej xov tooj cua sov / batch
- Kev yuav khoom tus lej thiab kab lus siv
- Cov khoom lag luam siv tau (piv txwv li ASTM A240, EN 10088-2, ASTM A312)
- Dimensions, daim ntawv (phaj, ntawv, yeeb nkab, bar, raj), thiab qib qeb
Cov qauv ntawv pov thawj tau piav qhia
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Hom |
Tus tsim tawm |
Thib peb-Pob |
Leej twg txais nws |
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2.1 |
Chaw tsim tshuaj paus |
Tsis muaj |
Nqe lus hais txog kev ua raws cai - tsis muaj cov txiaj ntsig kuaj pom |
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2.2 |
Chaw tsim tshuaj paus |
Tsis muaj |
Cov txiaj ntsig kuaj pom, cov chaw tsim khoom tshaj tawm nkaus xwb |
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3.1 |
Chaw tsim tshuaj paus |
Cov neeg siv khoom - tau xaiv |
Daim ntawv pov thawj official nrog cov txiaj ntsig kev xeem traceable |
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3.2 |
Chaw tsim tshuaj paus + Inspector |
Yog - TPI los yog |
Kev lees paub siab tshaj: dual- daim ntawv pov thawj kos npe |
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Txoj cai ntawm tus ntiv tes xoo: Rau cov cuab yeej siv siab, kev siv cryogenic (LNG), lossis kev pabcuam qaub (NACE MR0175), ib txwm hais rau EN 10204 Hom 3.1 lossis 3.2 daim ntawv pov thawj. Hom 2.1 tsis tuaj yeem ua pov thawj ntawm kev ua raws cai. |
Cov chij liab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv header
Tsis muaj daim ntawv pov thawj naj npawb - txhua tus MTC raug cai muaj tus lej cim tshwj xeeb
Generic chaw tsim tshuaj paus npe tsis muaj chaw nyob los yog lub teb chaws ntawm keeb kwm
Tus lej xaj xaj yuav ploj lossis tsis meej meej
Cov khoom lag luam raug suav hais tias tsis sib xws cov khoom siv qib (piv txwv li, ASTM A240 hais rau cov yeeb nkab seamless)
Chemical Composition - Cov khoom puas muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua qib?
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv txhua qhov MTC. Txhua qib stainless hlau thiab npib tsib xee alloy muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv. Yog tias txawm tias ib qho khoom poob rau sab nraud ntawm qhov teev tseg, cov khoom siv yuav tsis ua raws li qhov xav tau hauv nws qhov chaw pabcuam.
Yuav ua li cas nyeem cov lus tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
Cov lus sib xyaw ua ke teev txhua lub ntsiab lus nrog nws qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb (%) thiab qhov tso cai rau ib tus qauv khoom. Rau stainless hlau, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog:
- Chromium (Cr) - muab kev tiv thaiv corrosion; yuav tsum muaj ntau dua los yog sib npaug li 10.5% rau stainless hlau
- Nickel (Ni) - stabilizes austenitic qauv; cuam tshuam toughness thiab corrosion kuj
- Molybdenum (Mo) - txhim khu pitting thiab crevice corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig chloride
- Cov pa roj carbon (C) - qis carbon txo qhov kev xav thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm intergranular corrosion
- Nitrogen (N) - ntxiv dag zog thiab txhim kho pitting tsis kam (PREN pab)
- Titanium (Ti), Niobium (Nb) - stabilized qib los tiv thaiv chromium carbide rhiab heev
Qib - cov kab ke tshwj xeeb
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Qib |
Cr (%) |
Tsis muaj (%) |
Mo (%) |
C (max %) |
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304 / 304L |
18.0–20.0 |
8.0–12.0 |
- |
0.03 / 0.07 |
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316 / 316L |
16.0–18.0 |
10.0–14.0 |
2.0–3.0 |
0.03 / 0.07 |
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321 |
17.0–19.0 |
9.0–12.0 |
- |
0.08 (Ti ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 5 × C) |
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347 |
17.0–19.0 |
9.0–13.0 |
- |
0.08 (Nb ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 10 × C) |
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904L |
19.0–23.0 |
23.0–28.0 |
4.0–5.0 |
0.02 |
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S31803 |
21.0–23.0 |
4.5–6.5 |
2.5–3.5 |
0.03 |
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S32750 |
24.0–26.0 |
6.0–8.0 |
3.0–5.0 |
0.03 |
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Qib |
Tsis muaj (%) |
Cr (%) |
Mo (%) |
Lwm yam tseem ceeb |
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Ib 625 |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 58.0 |
20.0–23.0 |
8.0–10.0 |
Nb + Ta: 3.15–4.15% |
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Inconel 600 |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 72.0 |
14.0–17.0 |
- |
Fe: 6.0-10.0% |
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Incoloy 800 H |
30.0–35.0 |
19.0–23.0 |
- |
Al + Ti: 0.15-0.60% |
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Hastelloy C276 |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 57.0 |
14.5–16.5 |
15.0–17.0 |
W: 3.0–4.5% |
Cov kauj ruam pov thawj tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
Txheeb xyuas txhua lub ntsiab lus teev npe - tsis yog scan Cr thiab Ni
Xyuas kom tseeb tias qhov ntsuas ntsuas tau poob rau hauv qis thiab sab sauv txwv ntawm cov qauv khoom, tsis yog qhov "tseem ceeb" xwb
Rau dual- qib ntawv pov thawj (piv txwv li, 304/304L), xyuas kom meej cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.030% rau qib L-
Rau super- qib austenitic (904L, 254 SMO), nitrogen cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb - txawm tias me me hloov pauv cuam tshuam rau PREN loj heev
Yog tias PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number) tsis pom, koj tuaj yeem suav nws: PREN=%Cr + 3.3×%Mo + 16×%N
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Formula: PREN=%Cr + 3.3 × %Mo + 16 × %N. Rau kev pabcuam dej hiav txwv, hais kom PREN Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 40. Rau qhov chaw muaj chloride hnyav heev, tsom rau PREN Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 48. |
Mechanical Properties - Cov khoom puas tuaj yeem nqa lub Load?
Kev kuaj tshuab ua pov thawj tias cov khoom muaj lub zog txaus, ductility, thiab toughness rau nws qhov kev thov. Cov kev ntsuam xyuas no yog ua los ntawm cov qauv txiav los ntawm cov khoom siv tiag tiag (lossis los ntawm ib tus khub piv txwv los ntawm tib lub tshav kub) thiab qhia qhov nruab nrab ntawm ntau qhov kev xeem.
Tensile xeem - lub zog thiab ductility
- Kev ntsuas tensile yog lub caj qaum ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam qhia. Nws ntsuas seb cov khoom coj li cas thaum rub mus rau qhov tsis ua haujlwm. Cov nqi tseem ceeb tshaj tawm:
- Tensile Strength (UTS / Rm) - siab tshaj plaws ua ntej tawg; yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi
- Yield Strength (YS / Rp0.2 los yog Rp0.2) - kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov chaw ruaj khov (yas) deformation pib; yuav tsum tau raws li qhov tsawg kawg nkaus
- elongation tom qab tawg (A %) - ductility ntsuas; Cov nqi siab dua txhais tau tias zoo dua formability thiab toughness margin
- Qhov txo qis ntawm cheeb tsam (Z %) - qhov taw qhia ntxiv ductility, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tseem ceeb rau bar thiab forgings
Tensile khoom yuav tsum tau nyob rau qib
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Qib |
Rm min (MPa) |
Rp 0.2 min (MPa) |
Ib min (%) |
Hom Elongation |
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304 / 304L |
515 / 485 |
205 / 170 |
40 / 40 |
60–70% |
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316 / 316L |
515 / 485 |
205 / 170 |
40 / 40 |
55–65% |
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321 |
515 |
205 |
35 |
50–60% |
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904L |
490 |
215 |
35 |
40–50% |
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S31803 (Dubplex) |
620 |
450 |
25 |
35–45% |
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S32750 (Super Duplex) |
800 |
550 |
15 |
25–35% |
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Ib 625 |
830 |
415 |
30 |
45–55% |
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Hastelloy C276 |
760 |
350 |
40 |
50–60% |
Impact test (Charpy V-notch) - toughness at low temperature
Rau cryogenic, offshore, los yog sub-xoom kev pabcuam, Charpy V-notch (CVN) kev ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua. MTC yuav tsum tshaj tawm:
- Kev ntsuas kub (piv txwv li, -196℃rau LNG, -80℃rau offshore)
- Absorbed zog qhov tseem ceeb (hauv Joules) - KV2 lossis KV8 nyob ntawm seb qhov loj me
- Lateral expansion (mm) - qhov taw qhia toughness ntxiv
- Fracture tsos (%) - feem pua ntawm shear fracture nto
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Daim ntawv thov |
Kev ntsuas kub |
Min. Absorbed Zog |
Daim ntawv pov thawj |
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LNG cia thiab hloov chaw |
-196 degree |
27 J (nruab nrab ntawm 3 tus qauv) |
TS EN ISO 148-1 |
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Offshore platform sab saum toj |
-20℃rau -40 degree |
27–40 J |
ASTM A370 / EN 10045 Kev Tswj Xyuas Kev Nyab Xeeb |
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Subsea Cheebtsam |
-46 degree |
27–40 J |
NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 |
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Chemical tsob nroj (ambient) |
+20℃(chav temp) |
Tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam yuav tsum tau los ntawm lub neej ntawd |
Raws li cov neeg siv khoom spec |
Kev sim hardness
- Brinell (HBW), Rockwell (HRC/HRB), los yog Vickers (HV) - nyob ntawm daim ntawv thiab tus qauv
- Qhov siab tshaj plaws hardness txwv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev pabcuam qaub (NACE MR0175: max HRC 40 rau qee qhov chaw) thiab welds
- Xyuas kom tseeb tias qhov kev tshaj tawm hardness poob rau hauv tus qauv qhov siab tshaj plaws txwv - tsis yog qis dua qhov pib
Cov chij liab hauv cov khoom siv kho tshuab
- Tsuas yog "tus qauv" lossis "qhia" qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tawm - cov txiaj ntsig kev xeem tiag tiag yuav tsum muaj
- Yield zog thiab tensile lub zog thim rov qab los yog tsis meej meej rau qib
- Qhov ntsuas kub cuam tshuam tsis zoo li qhov project qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov tsawg kawg nkaus (MDMT)
- Ib qho kev cuam tshuam tshwm sim tau tshaj tawm - EN 10204 xav tau qhov nruab nrab ntawm 3 tus qauv; Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tus kheej kuj yuav tsum muaj
Dimensional thiab Surface Inspection - Nws puas phim qhov kev txiav txim?
Dimensional thiab deg tshuaj ntsuam xyuas kom paub meej tias cov khoom lub cev yam ntxwv ua raws li kev yuav khoom thiab cov qauv siv. Tshooj lus no qee zaum suav nrog raws li daim ntawv tshaj tawm tshuaj ntsuam cais lossis ua ib feem ntawm daim ntawv loj ntxiv rau MTC.
Dimensional tolerances los ntawm cov khoom tsim
- Phaj / ntawv: thickness, dav, ntev, flatness, ntug camber ib ASTM A240 los yog EN 10048/10029
- Seamless / welded yeeb nkab: OD, WT, ntev, ovality, ncaj ib ASTM A312 / A790 los yog EN 10216-5/10217-7
- Bar / pas nrig: txoj kab uas hla, ntev, ncaj, nto tiav rau ASTM A276 / A479 lossis EN 10088-3
- Tube: OD, WT, ntev, nto tiav rau ASTM A213 / A269 lossis EN 10216-5
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Khoom |
Thickness / OD kam rau ua |
Flatness / Ncaj |
Txuj |
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Kub- dov phaj (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 4.75mm) |
± 0.25mm (ntev) |
Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 5 mm / m flatness |
ASTM A480 / EN 10029 Txheem: |
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Txias- yob daim ntawv |
± 0.05-0.15 hli |
Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 3 mm / m flatness |
ASTM A 480 Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb |
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Seamless yeeb nkab (Sch 40, DN100) |
WT: ± 12.5% ntawm nominal |
Ncaj nraim: 3mm / m max |
ASTM A 312 Cov Lus Qhia |
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Bright bar (puag ncig) |
H9-h11 kam rau ua (ISO 286) |
0.05-0.15mm / m ncaj nraim |
ASTM A276 / EN 10088-3 |
Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov zoo
Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov chaw kuaj xyuas qhov tsis xws luag tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev tsim khoom (vuam, sib sau) lossis kev ua haujlwm (kev ntxhov siab, kev pib corrosion):
Slab thiab phaj: tsis muaj zeb scale tev, tsis muaj xeb pitting, tsis muaj lamination (ultrasonic xeem yuav tsum tau rau daim hlau siv nyob rau hauv siab hlab ntsha)
Cov yeeb nkab thiab lub raj: tsis muaj vuam seam tsis xws luag, tsis muaj kev ntxhib los mos ntawm RA qhov tseem ceeb, tsis muaj kab nrib pleb ntev
Bar: tsis muaj seams, laps, los yog stringer inclusions khiav parallel mus rau longitudinal axis
Tsis muaj (kho) welds yam tsis muaj kev pom zoo los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom tshwj xeeb thiab sau cov txheej txheem kho vuam
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Ib qho tseem ceeb: Cov teeb meem saum npoo ntawm cov phaj siv hauv cov hlab ntsha siab yuav tsum tau sau tseg hauv MTC, thiab yog tias kho vuam tau ua tiav, cov txheej txheem kho thiab tom qab- kho cov cua sov yuav tsum tau sau tseg. |
Tsis yog-Kev kuaj kev puas tsuaj thiab kev sim tshwj xeeb - Qhia tawm qhov tsis xws luag
Tsis yog -kev kuaj kev puas tsuaj (NDT) ntsuas cov khoom thiab vuam zoo yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom. Rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, NDT cov txiaj ntsig yuav tsum tshwm sim ntawm MTC lossis hauv daim ntawv qhia txog kev xeem uas tau hais los ntawm MTC.
Hom NDT thiab lawv kuaj pom dab tsi
- Kev Ntsuas Ultrasonic (UT): Tshawb xyuas cov teeb meem sab hauv - laminations hauv daim hlau, suav nrog, vuam tsis xws luag. Yuav tsum tau ua kom tuab - cov kav dej uas muaj phab ntsa (WT Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 20mm) thiab cov phaj siab siab.
- Hydrostatic Test (hydrotest): Paub meej tias lub siab- tuav ruaj khov. Txhua cov yeeb nkab / raj raug kuaj ntawm 1.5 × tsim siab (los yog ib tus qauv). Kev ntsuas siab thiab tuav lub sijhawm yuav tsum nyob ntawm MTC.
- Eddy Current Testing (ECT): Tshawb xyuas qhov chaw thiab nyob ze -sov defects nyob rau hauv seamless los yog welded raj. Common rau tshav kub exchanger raj.
- Radiographic Testing (RT): X-ray lossis gamma{1}}ray imaging ntawm weld seams. Siv rau siab - cov kav dej siab qhov twg qhov vuam zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb.
- Kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom zoo (PMI): Portable XRF lossis OES kuaj xyuas kom ntseeg tau tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov hlau tiag tiag - tsis yog MTC nkaus xwb- qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb. Kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov haujlwm tseem ceeb.
- Intergranular Corrosion Test (IGC / Strauss Test): Ib qho ASTM A262 Xyaum E - lees paub qhov tsis kam mus rau qhov ciam teb nres. Yuav tsum tau rau qib stabilizer (321, 347) thiab qee qhov kev siv 304L / 316L.
PMI (Positive Material Identification) - feem ntau siv tsis tau
PMI yog qhov ceev, tsis yog - kev pov thawj puas tsuaj uas cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg sib tw nrog MTC thiab daim ntawv xaj khoom. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, PMI tau dhau los ua ib txoj haujlwm- qib yuav tsum tau ua rau roj thiab roj, petrochemical, thiab hluav taws xob tsim kev lag luam vim tias nws ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo tiag tiag: cov ntaub ntawv cuav lossis cov khoom tsis sib xws.
Raws li kev tshawb fawb kev lag luam, kwv yees li 2-5% ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv qee lub khw tsis yog - ua raws lossis tsis raug. PMI ncaj qha hais qhov no los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas chemistry ntawm qhov tau txais.
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Kev xyaum zoo: Yuav tsum tau kuaj PMI rau txhua daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb. Thov PMI cov ntaub ntawv xa mus rau MTC, nrog rau cov khoom siv ntsuas ntsuas cov ntawv pov thawj hais txog. |
Qhov seem NDT yuav tsum muaj li cas
- Hom NDT ua tau (UT, hydrotest, ECT, RT, thiab lwm yam)
- Cov qauv siv (xws li ASTM A388 rau UT, ASTM A999 rau hydrotest)
- Kev lees txais cov qauv siv (xws li ASME BPVC Tshooj V, EN 10246)
- Cov qhabnias xeem - dhau los lossis tsis ua haujlwm, lossis siv rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm xeem ntxiv
- Ntev npaum li cas ntawm kev sim - 100% ntawm weld seams, lossis qhov chaw -xyuas feem pua
Kev kho cua sov thiab cov khoom siv
Kev kho cua sov hloov cov microstructure thiab yog li cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm stainless hlau thiab npib tsib xee alloys. MTC yuav tsum tau piav qhia meej txog cov kev kho cua sov kom raug - kuj hu ua cov khoom mob lossis temper - vim tias tib qib hauv cov xwm txheej sib txawv muaj kev ua tau zoo heev.
Hom kev kho cua sov
- Kev daws Annealed (SA): Cov xwm txheej txheem rau austenitic stainless (304, 316, 321, 347), super-austenitic, nickel alloys (Inconel 625, C276), thiab duplex stainless. Cov khoom yog rhuab mus rau ~ 1000-1150℃thiab txias sai heev (dej quench los yog cua txias) kom yaj carbides thiab ua tau siab tshaj corrosion kuj.
- Annealed: Mos mob rau ferritic / martensitic stainless. Tsawg kub anneal los txo kev ntxhov siab thiab txhim kho ductility.
- Quench thiab Tempered (Q&T): Siv rau martensitic stainless (410, 420) thiab qee cov nickel alloys. Ua tau siab zog nrog txhim kho toughness.
- Txias Ua Haujlwm (CW / HCr): Austenitic stainless ntxiv dag zog los ntawm txias dov. Ntau zog tawm los, me ntsis txo corrosion kuj.
Vim li cas qhov no tseem ceeb rau duplex thiab super-duplex stainless
Duplex thiab super-duplex stainless hlau muab lawv lub zog thiab corrosion kuj los ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm ob-theem microstructure (austenite + ferrite, feem ntau 50/50 ± 10%). Kev kho cua sov tsis tsim nyog - qis dhau qhov kev daws qhov kub thiab txias tsis txaus - ua rau cov theem nrab (sigma theem, chi theem, lossis ntau dhau ferrite) ua rau nag lossis daus, txo qis corrosion thiab toughness.
MTC rau duplex stainless yuav tsum paub meej tias:
Tshuaj annealing kub (feem ntau 1020-1100 degree)
Txias txoj kev (dej quench nyiam; cua txias rau nyias seem)
Cov ntsiab lus ferrite ( ntsuas los ntawm metallography lossis magnetic method): feem ntau 25-55% ferrite rau duplex; 25–50% rau super-duplex
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Qib |
PREN (tus qauv) |
Min. Yuav tsum tau PREN |
Max. Ferrite (%) |
|
S31803 (2205) |
29–33 |
30 |
55 (zoo tshaj 35–50) |
|
S32750 (2507, Super Duplex) |
40–43 |
40 |
50 |
|
S32760 (Z100, Super Duplex) |
42–45 |
40 |
50 |
|
S32550 (Ferralium) |
38–42 |
38 |
55 |
|
Yog tias MTC tsis qhia txog kev kho cua sov, xav tias nws yog 'raws li -kub- dov' thiab tsis haum rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb. Nco ntsoov xyuas kev kho cua sov tiv thaiv qhov project specification. |
Thib peb-Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab EN 10204 Hom 3.2 piav qhia
EN 10204 Hom 3.2 yog qib siab tshaj ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj muaj nyob rau hauv EN 10204 lub moj khaum. Nws suav nrog tus neeg siv khoom-tso cai soj ntsuam (lossis lwm lub chaw kuaj xyuas thib peb hauv ntiaj teb) uas nws tus kheej txheeb xyuas cov txiaj ntsig tau tshaj tawm los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.
Leej twg kos npe rau daim ntawv pov thawj Type 3.2?
- Tus neeg tsim khoom tso cai sawv cev (tus sawv cev ntawm lub tshuab tsim khoom)
- Tus neeg siv khoom-tso tus neeg soj ntsuam (lossis TPI - Tus Neeg Saib Xyuas Thib Peb) - ywj siab ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom
- Qee zaum kuj: lub cev ceeb toom (rau PED / CE- cov cuab yeej ntsuas siab)
Thaum twg yog Hom 3.2 yuav tsum tau ua?
- Cov Lus Qhia Txog Cov Khoom Siv Siab (PED 2014/68/EU) - rau cov hlab ntsha siab, lub tank cia, thiab cov kav dej hauv Qeb III thiab IV
- Nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag Cheebtsam
- Offshore platform structural Cheebtsam thiab subsea piping (API 2H, API 2Y, NACE MR0175)
- LNG cab kuj thiab davhlau ya nyob twg Cheebtsam (EN 14620, API 620)
- Txhua qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb hu rau TPI (Tshooj Sab Nraud Kev Tshawb Fawb) - feem ntau hauv Middle East cov haujlwm roj & roj
Rau feem ntau cov ntawv thov kev lag luam, Hom 3.1 txaus thiab tus nqi ntau dua - siv tau. Txawm li cas los xij, nco ntsoov xyuas qhov project cov ntaub ntawv xav tau (MR) daim ntawv - nws yuav qhia hom ntawv pov thawj xav tau.
Yuav ua li cas txheeb xyuas tus thib peb - tog neeg soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj
- Txheeb xyuas tias tus neeg soj ntsuam lossis lub koomhaum tau lees paub (xws li ISO 17020, ISO 17025 kev lees paub)
- Xyuas kom tseeb tias lub chaw kuaj xyuas tsis koom nrog cov chaw tsim khoom
- Hla - hais txog tus neeg soj ntsuam lub thwj cim / daim ntawv tso cai tus lej nrog lub cev tawm
- Rau cov haujlwm loj, tus tswv qhov project lossis EPC tus neeg cog lus feem ntau ua ntej - tsim nyog cov chaw soj ntsuam
Traceability - Txuas daim ntawv pov thawj rau cov khoom siv lub cev
Traceability yog cov xov uas txuas MTC rau cov khoom siv lub cev ntawm koj qhov chaw txais khoom. Yog tsis muaj traceability, koj tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tias daim ntawv pov thawj tiag tiag yog cov khoom nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm koj.
Dab tsi ua rau traceability?
Thaum tshav kub kub tooj / Thaum tshav kub kub code: Txhua lub tshav kub (melt) hlau muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb identifier. Tag nrho cov khoom los ntawm tib lub tshav kub sib koom ua ke tib yam chemistry (nyob rau hauv ib txwm variation).
Batch naj npawb / Ntau tus lej: Pawg cov khoom lag luam los ntawm tib qhov ntau lawm, feem ntau nyob rau hauv tib lub tshav kub.
Khoom cim: Stamped, etched, lossis tagged cim ntawm txhua daim (phaj, yeeb nkab, bar) uas phim MTC cua sov / batch tooj.
Kev txiav txim ua haujlwm / Kev txiav txim ntau lawm: Txuas cov ntaub ntawv tsim khoom rau qhov kev txiav txim tshwj xeeb.
Lub traceability saw
Ua kom tiav traceability txhais tau tias: Thaum tshav kub kub ntawm MTC → Thaum tshav kub kub kub stamped ntawm cov khoom → Xa ntawv sib tw → Kev yuav khoom sib tw. Yog hais tias ib qho kev sib txuas hauv cov saw hlau no tawg, qhov traceability raug cuam tshuam.
|
Thaum tau txais kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas: Nco ntsoov xyuas kom tseeb tias cov khoom siv hluav taws xob / cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau sau los yog cim rau ntawm lub cev cov khoom sib xws nrog cov lej ntawm MTC ua ntej lees txais cov khoom. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev uas koj tuaj yeem ua tau. |
Tshwj xeeb traceability yuav tsum
- LNG thiab cryogenic kev pab cuam: Tag nrho traceability rau raw cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj (steelmaking cov ntaub ntawv, heats ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv) yuav tsum tau
- API thiab NACE daim ntawv thov: Kev nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv kho cua sov, suav nrog cov kab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (lub sijhawm- ntsuas kub) thiab cov ntaub ntawv tua hluav taws
- Nuclear thiab aerospace: Feem ntau yuav tsum tau rov qab - mus rau - cua sov traceability (khiav mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb kub ntawm txhua cov khoom siv raw khoom)
Yuav Ua Li Cas Pom Qhov Tsis Zoo -Ua raws li kev dag lossis dag MTC
Kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb uas tsis yog - ua raws thiab cov ntaub ntawv cuav yog ib qho teeb meem uas tau sau tseg. Hauv qhov xwm txheej phem tshaj, cov khoom siv tsis zoo tau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj. Paub seb yuav nrhiav dab tsi tuaj yeem cawm koj qhov project los ntawm qhov tshwm sim loj.
Qib 1 - Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb (tsis lees paub cov khoom)
- Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg sab nraud specification rau qib txiav txim
- Tsis muaj xov tooj cua sov lossis batch tooj - traceability saw tawg
- Thaum tshav kub kub tooj ntawm cov khoom tsis sib xws MTC
- MTC thov kom yog Hom 3.1 lossis 3.2 tab sis kos npe tsuas yog los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom (tsis muaj kev koom tes thib peb- tog)
- Cov khoom lag luam tus qauv hais tsis raug rau cov khoom lag luam (xws li ASTM A240 rau cov yeeb nkab seamless)
Tier 2 - Kev txhawj xeeb loj (thov kom meej ua ntej lees txais)
- Tsuas yog qhov "typical" lossis "reference" qhov tseem ceeb qhia tau tias - tsis muaj qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb
- Impact test kub yog sov dua qhov project qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tsim kub
- Tsis hais txog kev kho cua sov ntawm qib uas yuav tsum tau ua (duplex, Inconel, Hastelloy)
- Daim ntawv pov thawj hnub tseem ceeb tom qab cov khoom tsim tawm hnub - tuaj yeem qhia rov qab - cov ntaub ntawv hnub tim
- PMI kev nyeem ntawv (yog tias qhov chaw- tshawb xyuas) tsis phim MTC- qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntsuas ntsuas
Qib 3 - Cov teeb meem me me (cov ntaub ntawv thiab ua raws)
- Me me qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ua siab ntev tab sis tsis tau hais meej meej hauv MTC
- Tsis muaj qhov ntsuas ultrasonic ntawm cov phaj tuab (koj tuaj yeem lees txais nrog kev thov sib txawv)
- Test specimen orientation tsis teev (longitudinal vs. transverse)
Yuav ua li cas cov qauv txawv raws cheeb tsam thiab kev lag luam
Stainless hlau thiab npib tsib xee alloy MTCs yog tswj hwm los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib txawv nyob ntawm seb qhov project keeb kwm, qhov chaw, thiab kev lag luam. Kev nkag siab txog cov txheej txheem no pab koj paub tseeb tias yuav nug dab tsi ua ntej xaj.
Cov qauv kev sib piv
|
Yam |
Teb chaws Europe (EN) |
USA (ASTM / ASME) |
Tuam Tshoj (GB/JB) |
|
Daim ntawv pov thawj tus qauv |
TS EN 10204: 2004 |
ASTM A1046 / ASME SA-370 Cov Lus Qhia |
GB/T 222/GB/T 20067 |
|
Hom ntawv pov thawj |
2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2 |
MTR (Mill Test Report) |
Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj |
|
Tshuaj ntsuam xyuas |
Lub teeb emission / ICP |
ASTM E415 (OES) |
GB / T 223 series |
|
Kev ntsuas tensile |
TS EN ISO 6892-1: 1 |
ASTM E8/E8M |
GB/T 228.1 |
|
Kev sim cuam tshuam |
TS EN ISO 148-1 |
ASTM E23 |
GB/T 229 |
|
Hardness |
EN ISO 6506 (HB) / 6508 (HRC) |
ASTM E10 / E18 |
GB/T 231.1/GB/T 230.1 |
|
NDE cov qauv |
TS EN 10246 Series |
ASME BPVC Sec. V / ASTM A388 / 1 |
JB/T 4730 series |
Kev lag luam- cov cai tshwj xeeb
- Roj & roj (ISO 15156 / NACE MR0175): Max hardness HRC 40 rau qaub kev pab cuam; tshwj xeeb H2S cov cai; yam ntaub ntawv pom zoo daim ntawv pov thawj yuav tsum tau
- Cov Khoom Siv Siab (PED 2014/68/EU): Qeb III/IV xav tau hom 3.1 lossis 3.2; txoj kev ntsuam xyuas raws li tau hais tseg
- LNG (-196℃kev pabcuam): Charpy cuam tshuam ntawm -196℃yuav tsum tau; 316L lossis 304L nkaus xwb; Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj sulfur (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.003% S)
- Marine (DNV, ABS, Lloyd's): Hom ntawv pov thawj pom zoo; kev cai tshwj xeeb cim; traceability rau cov ntaub ntawv pom zoo
- Khoom noj khoom haus & pharma (3-A Sanitary Standards, FDA): Nto tiav RA cov cai; tsis muaj tshuaj lom; tag nrho traceability thiab tu cov ntaub ntawv
Cov lus nug nquag
Q: Qhov txawv ntawm EN 10204 3.1 thiab 3.2 daim ntawv pov thawj yog dab tsi?
A: EN 10204 3.1 daim ntawv pov thawj yog muab los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom nrog cov txiaj ntsig kev xeem tau lees paub los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom tus kheej lub chaw ua haujlwm zoo. EN 10204 3.2 daim ntawv pov thawj tseem xav tau kev pov thawj los ntawm tus neeg sab nraud thib peb -tus neeg soj ntsuam (TPI) lossis cov neeg siv khoom-tso cai kuaj xyuas. Rau feem ntau cov cuab yeej siv siab thiab kev siv sab nrauv, 3.2 yuav tsum tau. Rau cov qauv kev lag luam siv, 3.1 feem ntau yog txaus.
Q: Kuv puas tuaj yeem lees txais daim ntawv pov thawj nrog tsuas yog 'ib txwm' qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txiaj ntsig tsis yog qhov kev xeem tiag tiag?
A: Tsis yog. Cov txiaj ntsig zoo yog qhov nruab nrab siv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm keeb kwm - lawv tsis yog pov thawj tias cov khoom tshwj xeeb uas koj tau txais tau raws li qhov tshwj xeeb. Ib txwm hais rau qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb. Tsuas yog cov txiaj ntsig tiag tiag qhia tau tias ua raws li kev lag luam lossis kev tswj hwm lub hom phiaj.
Q: Kuv MTC qhia cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 0.06% rau qib '304L'. Qhov no puas tau?
A: Tsis yog. Qhov 'L' hauv 304L sawv cev rau 'Low Carbon,' thiab cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj plaws yog 0.030% rau ASTM A240 thiab EN 10088-2. Cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 0.06% txhais tau tias qhov no yog tus qauv 304, tsis yog 304L. Siv 304 nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv thov uas yuav tsum tau 304L tuaj yeem ua rau rhiab heev (chromium carbide nag lossis daus ntawm cov ciam teb) thiab intergranular corrosion, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv tshav kub-tshuaj lom welds.
Q: Kuv yuav ua li cas yog tias tus lej xov tooj cua sov ntawm cov khoom siv lub cev tsis haum rau MTC?
A: Tsis txhob siv cov khoom siv. Tam sim ntawd cais nws, ceeb toom rau tus neeg muag khoom, thiab thov kom kho MTC lossis hloov khoom siv. Tus xov tooj cua sov tsis sib haum txhais tau hais tias cov saw hlau tsis sib xws tau tawg - koj tsis tuaj yeem paub meej tias cov khoom yog li cas MTC thov.
Q: Puas yog PMI (Positive Material Identification) tsim nyog yog tias kuv muaj MTC?
A: Yog, rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb. PMI yog cov cuab yeej pov thawj teb uas kuaj xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom siv. MTCs yog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj - PMI muab kev txheeb xyuas lub cev. PMI kuaj pom qhov pheej hmoo tiag tiag ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw- nce lossis cuav, uas cov ntaub ntawv ib leeg tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tsis tau.
Q: Kuv duplex stainless MTC tsis hais txog cov ntsiab lus ferrite. Kuv yuav tsum txhawj xeeb?
A: Yes. Ferrite content is critical for duplex stainless performance. A balanced austenite-ferrite microstructure (typically 35–55% ferrite for S31803, 25–50% for S32750) provides both strength and corrosion resistance. Excessive ferrite (>60-70%) txo qhov toughness thiab corrosion kuj. Thov daim ntawv qhia txog kev ntsuas ferrite yog tias tsis suav nrog hauv MTC.
Q: MTC rau kuv cov khoom siv Hastelloy C276 teev lub zog tawm los li 310 MPa. Qhov no puas yog?
A: Hastelloy C276 yam tsawg kawg nkaus yield zog (Rp0.2) yog 355 MPa ib ASTM B575. Tus nqi ntawm 310 MPa yuav qis dua qhov tshwj xeeb. Txheeb xyuas tus qauv hais hauv MTC - yog tias nws hais txog lwm tus qauv lossis tus qauv tsis raug, tus nqi tseem yuav tsis ua raws li koj daim ntawv thov. Tsis lees paub lossis thov rov- kuaj.
Q: Kuv yuav khaws daim ntawv pov thawj zeb kuaj tau ntev npaum li cas?
A: Kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws yog khaws MTCs rau lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv ntxiv rau 10 xyoo ntxiv tom qab tshem tawm, lossis raws li cov cai hauv zos. Rau cov cuab yeej siv siab nyob rau hauv PED, lub sijhawm khaws cia feem ntau yog 10 xyoo tom qab kev tshuaj xyuas zaum kawg. Rau nuclear thiab aerospace, qhov yuav tsum tau khaws cia yuav yog 30+ xyoo lossis tsis muaj qhov kawg.
Q: Kuv puas tuaj yeem siv daim ntawv theej ntawm MTC, lossis nws puas yuav tsum yog tus thawj?
A: Cov ntawv luam raug lees txais rau cov ntaub ntawv sab hauv thiab kev siv, tab sis tus thawj lossis daim ntawv pov thawj tseeb (stamped thiab kos npe los ntawm tus neeg muab ntawv pov thawj) yuav tsum muaj rau kev tswj hwm, thib peb - kev tshuaj xyuas tog, thiab cov ntaub ntawv xa mus rau qhov project. Ib txwm tuav ib qho kev tswj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv rau koj cov ntaub ntawv MTC.
