• 310S (UNS S31008) yog kev lag luam -tus qauv austenitic stainless hlau rau petrochemical furnace raj ntsuas rau 1100℃kev pabcuam txuas ntxiv.
• Nws 25 % Cr / 20 % Ni muaj pes tsawg leeg tsim ib qhov ntom ntom, nws tus kheej - kho Cr₂O₃ oxide nplai uas thaiv cov pa oxygen thiab sulfur ingress.
• Phab ntsa thickness yuav tsum tau xam raws li API 530 creep- txoj cai rupture ib zaug hlau kub tshaj 900℃.
• Rau kev pab cuam saum toj no 1050℃los yog hnyav carburizing / sulfidizing cua, hloov mus rau 310H, HK40, los yog Alloy 601.
• Tag nrho cov tub rauv hauv qhov kev pabcuam refinery yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam UT ib ntus ntawm API RP 573 txhua 2-4 xyoos.
310S Key Parameters
| Qhov tseem ceeb Parameter | Tus nqi / Specification |
| Alloy Designation | UNS S31008 / AISI 310S / EN 1.4845 |
| Chromium Cov ntsiab lus | 24.0 ~ 26.0 hli |
| Cov ntsiab lus Nickel | 19.0 ~ 22.0 hli |
| Max Continuous Service Temp. | 1100℃(2012℃F) hauv huab cua |
| Max Intermittent Service Temp. | 1050℃(1922℃F) hauv kev pabcuam caij tsheb kauj vab |
| Oxidation Resistance txwv | Txog li 1150℃(me me oxidizing cua) |
| Thawj Tswj Hwm Standard | ASTM A213 / ASME SA-213 seamless raj |
| Yam tsawg kawg Tensile Strength (RT) | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 515 MPa (74.8 ksi) |
| Yam tsawg kawg nkaus Yield Strength (RT) | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 205 MPa (29.7 ksi) |
| Min. Elongation (RT) | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 35% |
| Chav -Tub kub Hardness | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 187 HBW |
| Qhov ntom | 7.90 g / cm³ |
| Thermal conductivity (20 degree) | 15.9 W/(m·K) |
| Coefficient ntawm Thermal Expansion | 16.0 × 10⁻⁶ /℃(20-1000 degree) |
Cov peev txheej: ASTM A213 / ASME SA-213, ASTM A240; ASM Phau Ntawv Phau Ntawv Vol. 2 - Cov Khoom thiab Kev Xaiv: Cov Alloys Nonferrous thiab Cov Khoom Siv Tshwj Xeeb; EN 10216-5; chaw tsim tshuaj paus certified mill test reports.
Taw qhia
Petrochemical furnace tubes yog ib qho ntawm cov thermally demanding Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv tej txheej txheem nroj tsuag. Hluav taws xob cov cua sov hauv cov roj av distillation, naphtha hloov kho, thiab ethylene tawg ua ntu zus ua rau lub raj hlau mus rau qhov kub ntawm 800℃thiab 1100℃thaum nqa cov dej hydrocarbon nyob rau hauv siab.Kev xaiv cov hlau tsis raug ua rau ua rau oxidation nrawm, creep tsis ua hauj lwm, los yog kev puas tsuaj rau lub raj tawg {{4}, qhov xwm txheej, thiab cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig. hluav taws kub thiab tawg.
Xaiv ib qho dhau - tshwj xeeb alloy khib nyiab peev yam tsis tsim nyog. 310S zaum hauv qhov chaw qab zib rau qhov ntsuas kub no: nws muaj cov oxidation txaus txog li 1100 degree, siv tau lub zog nkag, zoo heev weldability, thiab cov khoom siv nqi qis dua nickel-base superalloys.
Phau ntawv qhia no piav qhia310S yog dab tsi, vim li cas nws ua haujlwm ntawm 1100 degree, yuav tsim li cas nrog nws, thiab thaum twg los xaiv lwm txoj kev.Cov ntaub ntawv yog los ntawm cov qauv kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov phooj ywg- cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas los txhawb kev txiav txim siab engineering.
Stainless hlau 310S yog dab tsi?
Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
310S yog siab- alloy austenitic (lub ntsej muag-centered cubic) stainless hlau. Nws lub ntsiab lus txhais yog cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo ntawm chromium thiab npib tsib xee piv rau cov qib xws li 304 lossis 316. Table 2.1 nthuav tawm cov kev txwv tsis pub muaj nyob hauv ASTM A240 thiab ASME SA-240.
| Element | C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Ni |
| Max / Ntau (wt%) | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.08 | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 2.00 | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 1.50 | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.045 | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.030 | 24.0–26.0 | 19.0–22.0 |
Table 2.1 - Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm 310S (UNS S31008). Tau qhov twg los: ASTM A240 / ASME SA-240, Table 1; ASTM A213 / ASME SA-213, Table 1.
Vim li cas 25% Chromium thiab 20% Nickel?
Chromium (Cr):Ntawm qhov siab tshaj ~ 20 wt%, chromium reacts nyiam nrog oxygen los ua ib qho nyias, ua raws, thiab tus kheej- kho chromium oxide (Cr₂O₃) nplai ntawm cov hlau. Qhov ntsuas no ua raws li qhov cuam tshuam kev sib kis, ua rau qeeb oxidation ntxiv. Nrog 24-26% Cr, 310S tsim cov nplai muaj zog uas tseem tiv thaiv txog li 1150℃hauv cov huab cua oxidizing huv.
Nickel (Ni):Nickel stabilizes lub ntsej muag -centered cubic (austenite) crystal qauv ntawm txhua qhov kub thiab txias mus rau cryogenic. Qhov no tiv thaiv lub cev nkig -centered cubic (martensite) transformation uas yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv siab -Cr ferritic steels. Nickel kuj txhim kho kev tiv thaiv rau carburization - ib qho kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov kho thiab tawg rau qhov cub uas muaj cov pa hydrocarbon.
Cov pa roj carbon tsawg (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.08%):Lub npe 'S' hauv 310S sawv cev rau 'tsawg carbon'. Kev txwv cov pa roj carbon ntau tshaj 0.08 wt% suppresses carbide nag lossis daus (sensitization) nyob rau hauv tshav kub- cuam tshuam cheeb tsam thaum vuam, khaws cia corrosion kuj thiab ductility. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau thaj chaw -welded tube pob qij txha hauv kev tsim kho rauv.
Siab -Tsub Mechanical Properties
Engineering lub cub hluav taws xob tube yuav tsum nkag siab tias yuav ua li cas310S hlaucoj ntawm qhov kub siab - tsis yog nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub xwb. Ob hom kev ua tsis tiav yog qhov ntsuas kub siab tshaj 800 degree: (a) oxidation / corrosion ntawm lub raj phab ntsa thiab (b) creep rupture nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa siab load.
Tensile thiab Creep Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov kub siab
Table 3.1 qhia txog qhov nce siab -kub txhua yam khoom thiab nkag siab- cov ntaub ntawv tawg rau 310S. Cov txiaj ntsig tensile yog cov ntaub ntawv sawv cev los ntawm ASM Phau Ntawv Qhia thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Creep- kev ntxhov siab tawg yog qhov kev ntxhov siab uas yuav tsum tau ua kom tawg ntawm qhov ntsuas kub hauv lub sijhawm.
| Kub | Tensile zog (MPa) | 0.2% Tawm Zog (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Creep Repture Stress 100h (MPa) | Creep Repture Stress 10,000h (MPa) |
| Chav Temp. (20 degree) | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 515 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 205 | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 35 | - | - |
| 600℃(1112℃F) | ~330 | ~175 | ~40 | - | - |
| 700℃(1292℃F) | ~270 | ~155 | ~42 | ~70 | ~40 |
| 800℃(1472℃F) | ~190 | ~120 | ~45 | ~38 | ~18 |
| 900℃(1652℃F) | ~110 | ~85 | ~50 | ~16 | ~6 |
| 1000℃(1832℃F) | ~60 | ~50 | ~55 | ~7 | ~2 |
| 1100℃(2012℃F) | ~32 | ~28 | ~60 | ~2.5 | < 1 |
Table 3.1 - Elevated-kub txhua yam thiab creep-rupture properties of 310S (UNS S31008). Qhov chaw: ASM Phau Ntawv Qhia Vol. 2 (2nd ed.); ASME BPVC Section II Part D (Subpart 3, Table 1-100); chaw tsim tshuaj paus muab cov ntaub ntawv kub kub. Tus nqi yog tus sawv cev; siv ASME tso cai rau kev ntxhov siab rau kev suav lej.
Dab tsi yog 'Creep' txhais tau li cas rau Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob?
Creep yog qhov qeeb, mus tas li deformation ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov kub siab - txawm tias qhov kev ntxhov siab zoo dua li cov pa tawm los. Rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, qhov nkag tau tshwm sim raws li cov phab ntsa maj mam thinning ("bulging") thiab, thaum kawg, rupture yog tias lub neej tsim dhau lawm.Thaum 1100 degree, 310S khaws cia tsuas yog li 2-3 MPa creep- kev ntxhov siab rau 10,000-teev tsim lub neej.
Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua haujlwm ntawm 1100℃yuav tsum tau tsim nrog lub siab tsis tshua muaj siab, cov phab ntsa nyias, lossis cov kev pabcuam luv luv. API 530 muab cov txheej txheem engineering rau kev suav cov tube tuab tuab hauv kev tswj hwm no.
Oxidation thiab Corrosion Resistance ntawm 1100 degree
Oxidation Resistance Mechanism
Thaum 310S yog thawj zaug raug rau qhov kub siab oxidizing ib puag ncig, chromium diffuses rau saum npoo thiab oxidizes xaiv, tsim nyias (1-5 μm) thiab adherent Cr₂O₃ txheej. Thaum tsim tau, txheej txheej no loj hlob parabollically - txhais tau tias qhov kev loj hlob zuj zus nrog lub sij hawm raws li cov oxide txheej nws tus kheej dhau los ua ib qho kev cuam tshuam. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov khoom siv uas oxidizes qeeb rau xyoo nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov.
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb oxidation (qhov chaw: Industeel ArcelorMittal SIRIUS 310S datasheet; ASM Phau Ntawv Qhia Vol. 13C):
• Kev pabcuam tsis tu ncua hauv huab cua qhuav: mus txog 1100℃(qee qhov chaw hais txog 1150℃rau cov huab cua huv).
• Kev pab cuam cuam tshuam (cyclic): txwv rau 1050℃vim tias kev rov ua kom sov dua ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv oxide scale.
• Qhov kub siab tshaj plaws rau kev caij tsheb kauj vab me me: 1050 degree, nrog rau kev tswj tus nqi qis dua 200℃/ h.
• Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua uas muaj> 2 g / m³ leej faj cov ntsiab lus: sab sauv txwv poob mus rau ~ 1000℃(Industeel SIRIUS 310S datasheet).
Carburization thiab Sulfidation Resistance
Tshaj li oxidation yooj yim, petrochemical furnace ib puag ncig feem ntau muaj carbonaceous gases (CO, CH₄, C₂H₄) thiab sulfur compounds (H₂S, SO₂). Cov no tawm tsam stainless hlau los ntawm kev sib txawv mechanisms:
Carburization:Carbon diffuses into the steel, forming chromium carbides that deplete the matrix of the chromium needed for oxidation protection. 310S offers moderate carburization resistance due to its high Cr and Ni content, but it is not immune - particularly in strongly reducing, high-carbon-activity environments such as steam reformer furnaces. In such service, HK40 or Alloy 601 (with >20% Cr + aluminium ntxiv) nyiam dua.
Sulfidation:Sulfur compounds teb nrog chromium thiab npib tsib xee kom tsim qis-sulphide theem uas tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov nplai oxide. 310S ua haujlwm qis-sulfur ib puag ncig (< 50 ppm H₂S) adequately up to about 1000 °C; in heavily sulfidizing service, higher-chromium cast alloys (HK40, HP-Modified) or alumina-forming alloys are specified.
Cov khoom sib piv: 310S vs. Sib tw Alloys
Tsis yog txhua daim ntawv thov rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob xav tau 310S. Table 5.1 piv 310S tawm tsam tsib feem ntau teev lwm txoj hauv kev hla qhov ntev uas tseem ceeb rau petrochemical engineers.
| Khoom | 310S (UNS S31008) | 310H (UNS S31009) | 321 H (UNS S32109) | HK40 (UNS J94204) | Hlau alloy 800H (UNS N08810) | Alloy 601 (UNS N06601) Cov. |
| Cr (wt%) | 24–26 | 24–26 | 17–19 | 26–30 | 19–23 | 21–25 |
| Nia (wt%) | 19–22 | 19–22 | 9–12 | 19–22 | 30–35 | 58–63 |
| C (max, wt%) | 0.08 | 0.04–0.10 | 0.08 | 0.35–0.45 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| Max. Ntxiv. Temp. (degree) | 1100 | 1150 | 925 | 1150 | 1100 | 1200 |
| Oxidation Resistance | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★☆☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ |
| Carburization Tsis kam. | ★★★☆☆ | ★★★☆☆ | ★★★☆☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★☆ | ★★★★★ |
| Creep zog @ 1000 degree | Nruab nrab | Zoo | Tsawg | Siab | Zoo | Zoo heev |
| Weldability | Zoo heev | Zoo | Zoo | Nyuaj | Zoo | Zoo |
| Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv txheeb ze | Tsawg | Tsawg | Nruab nrab | Nruab nrab | Siab | Siab heev |
| Daim ntawv thov | Rauv tubes, radiant tubes | Creep{0}} qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub qhov cub | Boiler raj (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 925 degree) | Chav hloov pauv cov raj | Pyrolysis / cracking coils | Kev pabcuam oxidizing heev |
Table 5.1 - Alloy sib piv rau petrochemical furnace tube kev pab cuam. ★ kev ntsuam xyuas yog cov kev ntsuam xyuas zoo raws li cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm oxidation thiab corrosion. Cov peev txheej: ASM Phau Ntawv Qhia Vol. 13C - Corrosion: Ib puag ncig thiab kev lag luam; Special Metals Corporation (Alloy 800H, Alloy 601 technical bulletins); ASTM International cov qauv; manufacturers technical datasheets. Tus nqi ntsuas yog txheeb ze thiab kev ua lag luam- nyob ntawm.
310S vs . 310H: Thaum twg thiaj xaiv qhov twg?
Qhov no yog cov lus nug ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg specification.Cov lus teb yog ncaj nraim: siv 310S thaum weldability thiab tsis kam mus rau rhiab heev yog cov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb (xws li, teb -welded raj hloov); siv 310H thaum xav tau lub zog siab tshaj plaws thiab vuam ua tiav raws li kev tswj hwm hauv khw.
310H (UNS S31009) muaj cov ntsiab lus carbon ntawm 0.04–0.10 % - siab dua 310S. Cov pa roj carbon ntxiv no muab cov khoom muaj zog- kev daws teeb meem thiab cov carbide ntxiv dag zog uas txhim kho kev nkag siab ntawm 20-30% ntawm 900-1000℃. Kev lag luam tawm - tawm yog qhov kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm carbide nag lossis daus hauv tshav kub- cuam tshuam thaj tsam thaum vuam (sensitization). Vim li no, 310H vuam feem ntau yuav tsum nruj dua preheat thiab PWHT tswj.
Cov lus nug nquag nug (FAQ)
Cov lus nug hauv qab no yog muab rho tawm los ntawm kev sib tham hauv engineering thiab sawv cev rau cov lus nug uas muaj ntau tshaj plaws txog 310S hauv kev pabcuam petrochemical furnace tube.
Q1: Dab tsi yog qhov kev pabcuam siab tshaj plaws rau 310S stainless hlau?
Qhov siab tshaj plaws kev pabcuam kub kub rau 310S (UNS S31008) hauv huab cua yog1100℃(2012℃F). For intermittent (cyclic) service, the recommended limit is 1050 °C (1922 °F) due to the risk of oxide scale spallation during thermal cycling. In sulfur-containing atmospheres (>2 g / m³), qhov kev txwv poob rau ~ 1000 degree. Cov kev txwv no yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv kuaj oxidation luam tawm los ntawm Industeel ArcelorMittal thiab kev lag luam alloy manufacturers.
Q2: 310S puas tuaj yeem siv tshaj 1100 degree?
Cov lus teb luv luv: tsis yog, tsis yog rau kev pabcuam.Tshaj li 1100 degree, Cr₂O₃ tiv thaiv nplai pib hloov mus rau qhov tsis sib haum xeeb CrO₃ hauv oxidizing ib puag ncig, sai sai poob nws txoj haujlwm tiv thaiv. Cov nqi nkag kuj dhau los ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg (lub neej tawg hauv ntau txhiab teev ntau dua li kaum txhiab). Rau kev pabcuam siab tshaj 1100 degree, qhia Alloy 601 (alumina-forming), Alloy 602CA, lossis ceramic-kab kab.
Q3: Dab tsi tus qauv tswj hwm 310S rauv tube thickness tsim nyob rau hauv lub refinery?
API Standard 530("Calculation of Heater-Tube Thickness in Petroleum Refineries," 7th edition) yog thawj tus qauv. Nws txhais tau tias muaj kev ntxhov siab rau 310S nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si elastic thiab creep-kev puas tsuaj. Rau kev nkag siab-cov xwm txheej txwv (tube hlau kub> 900 degree), API 530 Cov Ntawv Ntxiv C muab lub sijhawm tsim nyog -kub kub rupture curves. ASME BPVC Tshooj II Tshooj D muab cov txiaj ntsig kev ntxhov siab uas siv tau hauv API 530 suav.
Q4: Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm 310S thiab 310H rau kev siv lub tshuab raj?
310S (UNS S31008):Cov pa roj carbon tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.08%. Nyiam thaum weldability, tsis kam mus rau rhiab heev, thiab yooj yim ntawm qhov chaw vuam yog qhov tseem ceeb. Tsawg dua creep zog tshaj 310H.
310H (UNS S31009):Cov pa roj carbon 0.04-0.10%. Xaiv thaum xav tau lub zog siab tshaj plaws (piv txwv li, siab -siab radiant raj, ntev spans). Vuam yuav tsum tau tswj nruj dua. Ob qib qhia tib yam Cr thiab Ni cov ntsiab lus.
Cov ntsiab lus tseeb:Qhia 310S raws li lub neej ntawd; hloov mus rau 310H tsuas yog thaum kev ntsuas lub neej ua rau pom tsis txaus cov npoo nrog 310S.
Q5: Puas yog 310S xav tau tom qab-weld kev kho cua sov (PWHT)?
Tsis yog - PWHT feem ntau tsis tas yuav tsum muaj rau 310S, thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam. Cua sov 310S nyob rau hauv thaj tsam 600-900℃thaum lub sij hawm PWHT tuaj yeem precipitate brittle sigma theem thiab chromium carbides. Raws li -welded mob yog feem ntau txais tau rau feem ntau petrochemical kev pab. Yog tias qhov kev ntxhov siab nyob hauv qhov xav tau tseem ceeb heev (xws li, kev thauj khoom hnyav hnyav), nrog rau tus kws kho mob hlau ua ntej siv cov kev kho cua sov.
Q6: Yuav ua li cas yog ASTM cov qauv rau kev yuav 310S rauv tubes?
Cov qauv ASTM tseem ceeb yog: ASTM A213 / ASME SA-213 (cov raj seamless rau boilers thiab kub exchangers) rau Qib TP310S, thiab ASTM A249 / ASME SA-249 (welded raj) rau Qib TP310S. Rau cov kav dej sib txuas, ASTM A312 / ASME SA-312 siv (Qib TP310S). Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas tau txais rau ASME Code kev tsim kho yuav tsum suav nrog Daim Ntawv Qhia Txog Mill Test (MTR) rau ASTM A450 (cov kev cai dav dav rau cov raj) nrog rau tag nrho cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev ntsuas tshuab.
Q7: Ntev npaum li cas 310S lub tshuab hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas hauv kev pabcuam refinery?
Tus Qauv Zauv: API RP573("Kev soj ntsuam ntawm Cov Hluav Taws Xob Hluav Taws Xob thiab Cov Hluav Taws Xob") pom zoo rau kev kuaj pom sab nraud thiab UT thickness ntawm qhov tsawg zaus ntawm txhua txhua 2-4 xyoo, lossis ntawm txhua qhov kev npaj kho vaj tse hloov pauv - qhov twg los ua ntej. Cov raj ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua saum 950 degree, lossis hauv cov huab cua corrosive, yuav tsum tau tshuaj xyuas ntau zaus. Tseem tshuav-Kev ntsuas lub neej siv API 530 Larson-Miller txoj hauv kev yuav tsum tau hloov kho ntawm txhua qhov kev tshuaj xyuas raws li qhov tseeb qhov kub thiab txias keeb kwm los ntawm kev khiav hauj lwm cav thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm.
