Me Modular Reactors (SMRs) thiab Nickel Alloys: Cov khoom siv rau tom ntej -Gen Nuclear

Me me modular reactors (SMRs) tsis yog tsuas yog scaled -down versions ntawm pa pressurized - dej reactors. Ntau qhov kev tsim kho siab dhau los ua kom kub dua, siv cov khoom txias sib txawv - helium, kua sodium, los yog molten fluoride ntsev es tsis txhob siv cov dej siab - thiab lub hom phiaj kev pab cuam lub neej thiab lub luag hauj lwm voj voog uas thawb cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj qhov kub thiab corrosion lub hnab ntawv uas cov pa nuclear - qib stainless hlau tau tsim nyog rau.

Nickel{0}}raws li alloysyog cov khoom siv tsev neeg zoo tshaj plaws los kaw qhov sib txawv, thiab lawv twb tshwm sim thoob plaws hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab tshaj plaws: raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv lub teeb -SMRs, raws li cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nruab nrab hauv cov roj hluav taws xob-txoj kev tsim, thiab raws li tus neeg sib tw thawj- cov khoom siv hauv cov ntsev- cov ntsiab lus txias. Phau ntawv qhia no piav qhia tias vim li cas nickel alloys tseem ceeb rau SMRs, cov qhab nia twg twb dhau los lawm - tsim nyog piv rau tseem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob, thiab yuav ua li cas xav txog kev xaiv cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov chav sib txawv SMR technology.

Cov Modular Reactors Me Me yog dab tsi, thiab Vim li cas lawv cov khoom xav tau sib txawv ntawm cov pa roj reactors?

SMRs nthuav tawm ntau cov chav kawm reactor sib txawv nrog cov cua txias sib txawv thiab kev ua haujlwm kub, thiab nws yog qhov sib txawv no - tsis yog qhov me me - uas tsav lub luag haujlwm nthuav dav rau nickel alloys.

"SMR" piav qhia txog lub Hoobkas-fabricated, modular reactor feem ntau nyob rau hauv 300 MWe, tab sis cov lus hais txog ntau yam kev siv thev naus laus zis sib txawv. Lub teeb- dej SMRs (xws li NuScale tus tsim thiab GE Hitachi's BWRX-300) siv tib lub zog los yog boiling dej coolant chemistry raws li cov pa loj reactors thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo xws li kub ntau yam, yog li lawv cia siab rau hnyav rau tsim nuclear-qib stainless hlau thiab qis-du-duickel alloys tshwj xeeb steel xws li chav generator tubing.

High -kub roj-cooled reactors, los yog HTGRs (xws li X-energy's Xe-100), siv helium coolant thiab TRISO particle roj thiab phiaj ntau dua qhov hluav taws xob kub los txhim kho thermal efficiency thiab ua kom muaj cov txheej txheem cua sov. Sodium-cooled ceev reactors (xws li TerraPower's Natrium tsim) siv cov kua hlau coolant ntawm nruab nrab - mus rau - kub thiab tsis tshua muaj siab. Fluoride- ntsev- cov cua kub cua txias reactors, los yog FHRs (xws li Kairos Power's Hermes tsim), circulate fluoride ntsev raws li ib tug coolant nyob ib ncig ntawm cov khoom TRISO pebble roj, thaum muaj tseeb molten ntsev reactors dissolve cov roj ncaj qha nyob rau hauv ib tug circulating ntsev. Txhua chav kawm no muab qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub, txias chemistry, thiab neutron ib puag ncig ntawm nws cov khoom siv.

Table 1. Cov chav kawm uas sawv cev SMR thev naus laus zis, kwv yees kev ua haujlwm kub, thiab cov qauv tsim qauv. Cov duab yog dav dav los ntawm chav kawm reactor rau kev piav qhia; Cov neeg muag khoom tsim tshwj xeeb sib txawv thiab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau lees paub tiv thaiv tus neeg muag khoom tam sim no thiab cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm.

Vim li cas Advanced Reactors xav tau nickel Alloys hloov tus qauv Stainless hlau?

Pa nuclear-qib austenitic stainless hlau poob ntau dhau lub zog nkag thiab oxidation tsis kam saum toj li ntawm 550-650℃rau ntau- xyoo caum tsim nyob rau qib siab reactors xav tau, thiab cov nickel alloys txuas ntxiv kev pab cuam txuas ntxiv mus rau 700-950℃ntau yam uas HTGR} thiab qee cov ntsev xav tau {{6}.

Raws li ASME Boiler thiab Pressure Vessel Code, Tshooj III, Division 5 tswj hwm kev tsim kho ntawm siab -kub nuclear Cheebtsam thoob plaws txhua hom reactor coolant siab heev. Tau ntau xyoo lawm, tsuas yog tsib yam khoom tsim nyog rau qhov kev pabcuam no: 2.25Cr-1Mo thiab vanadium- hloov kho 9Cr-1Mo ferritic steels, Hom 304H thiab 316H austenitic stainless hlau, thiab siab -nickel austenitic Txhua yam Ntawm cov no, tsuas yog Alloy 800H raug ntsuas rau qhov kub thiab txias tiag tiag, tsim tsis tsim nyog-tso tawm mus txog 760℃thiab siab dua.

Tshaj li ntawm 550-650 degree, tus qauv 304H / 316H stainless hlau qhov tso cai tsim kev ntxhov siab poob qis vim tias lub sijhawm -dependent creep deformation - tsis luv- lub sij hawm tawm los lossis lub zog tensile - dhau los ua kev tswj hwm tsis ua haujlwm, thiab stainless hlau {8} tiv thaiv chrom oxide siab -kub helium lossis ntsev ib puag ncig. Nickel alloys xws li Alloy 617 daws ob qho teeb meem: lawv cov ntsiab lus ntau dua nickel txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kev nkag mus thiab rau carburizing / oxidizing cua, txuas ntxiv tsim nyog ntsuas kub txog li 954℃(1,750℃F) raws li 2019 ASME code rooj plaub.

Dab tsi yog Nickel Alloys Tsim Nyog los yog Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Rau Kev Txhim Kho Cov Reactor Advanced?

Alloy 800H tam sim no tsuas yog npib tsib xee- cov khoom siv nrog tag nrho, ntev ASME Tshooj III, Division 5 kev tsim nyog; Alloy 617 tau ntxiv los ntawm ob qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, thaum Alloy 690, Hastelloy N, GH3535, thiab Alloy 709 txhua tus ua lub luag haujlwm tab sis zaum ntawm ntau theem ntawm txoj kev tsim nyog.

Table 2. Nickel-cov kabmob thiab npib tsib xee- cov alloys uas nyob ib sab cuam tshuam rau kev tsim kho reactor siab heev, lawv qhov kwv yees muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab lawv txoj cai US tam sim no - kev tsim nyog. Cov lej lej, ntsuas qhov kub thiab txias, thiab cov xwm txheej tsim nyog yuav tsum raug txheeb xyuas raws li ASME BPVC Tshooj III tam sim no, Division 5 tsab thiab cov ntaub ntawv code siv tau.

Nickel Alloys Ua li cas hauv Molten Salt Reactor Ib puag ncig?

Nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloys xws li Hastelloy N thiab GH3535 tiv thaiv molten fluoride ntsev corrosion zoo dua li cov hlau tsis muaj steel vim tias lawv cov ntsiab lus chromium tsawg txwv txoj kev txhim kho tseem ceeb - chromium leaching los ntawm cov ciam teb rau hauv cov ntsev - thaum lawv cov molybdenum siab {5} ntxiv rau.

Molten fluoride ntsev xws li FLiBe (lithium fluoride-beryllium fluoride) thiab FLiNaK (lithium-sodium-potassium fluoride) yog cov zoo nkauj reactor coolants vim lawv tsis tshua muaj neutron absorption, siab volumetric tshav kub muaj peev xwm, thiab tsis tshua muaj kev khiav hauj lwm siab, tab sis lawv kuj yog chemically aggressive rau feem ntau alloys. Cov txheej txheem degradation tseem ceeb tsis yog qhov kev tawm tsam dav dav tab sis xaiv leaching ntawm chromium los ntawm grain ciam teb rau hauv ntsev, tsav los ntawm ntsev lub peev xwm redox; qhov no tuaj yeem tawm hauv qhov ntxeem tau, chromium-depleted subsurface txheej thiab, nyob rau hauv kev siv kev ntxhov siab, txhawb kev sib tsoo ntawm intergranular- pab tawg.

Hastelloy N yog lub hom phiaj-tsim ntawm Oak Ridge National Laboratory nyob rau hauv 1950s-60s tshwj xeeb los tiv thaiv cov txheej txheem no rau Molten Salt Reactor Experiment, thiab nws - nrog rau Tuam Tshoj tus compositionally zoo ib yam li GH3535, siv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tus thorium molten-cov kev pab cuam {6} ntsev nyob twj ywm reactor. fluoride- ntsev-cov ntsiab lus txias reactor. Vim tias cov alloys tseem tsis tau ua tiav ASME Tshooj III, Division 5 kev tsim nyog txoj hauv kev hauv Tebchaws Meskas, cov neeg tsim khoom nrhiav ze rau -lub sij hawm FHR thiab MSR cov qauv tsim feem ntau npaj rau cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb, txhawb los ntawm ntev -lub sijhawm corrosion thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas kev siv tshuab, uas yog ib feem ntawm lawv cov tswv yim tso cai tag nrho.

Nickel Alloys Ua li cas hauv Helium-Cooled, High-Tsub Gas Reactors?

Alloy 617 thiab Alloy 800H yog cov nickel alloys ua rau HTGR cov kev pabcuam vim tias ob qho tib si tsim ib qho chaw ruaj khov, tiv thaiv chromium- oxide txheej hauv helium thiab khaws cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj qhov txwv ntawm stainless hlau, txawm hais tias ob qho tib si tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qeeb carburization lossis decarburization yog tias lub helium coolant nqa cov kab tsis zoo.

Kev tsim cov helium coolant nyob rau hauv HTGR yeej tsis zoo tag nrho - cov kab ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, thiab noo noo tsis tuaj yeem zam tau los ntawm cov roj, graphite, thiab qhov system outgassing - thiab cov impurities no tuaj yeem tsav los ntawm carburization (carbon pickup, uas embrittles lub alloy) los yog decarburization nyob rau hauv lub zos tsis muaj zog. Alloy 800H muaj ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm keeb kwm hauv ib puag ncig no, suav nrog hauv HTGR ua qauv qhia thaum ntxov, thiab tseem yog ib qho ntawm tsib thawj ASME Tshooj III, Division 5 cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog.

Alloy 617 tau tsim tshwj xeeb txij li nruab nrab -2000s ua tus thawj coj sib tw rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nruab nrab (IHX) - cov khoom uas hloov cov cua sov los ntawm thawj lub voj voog helium mus rau cov txheej txheem thib ob - vim tias nws sib xyaw ua ke siab dua - qhov kub thiab txias zog tshaj Alloy-800 Hnyav kev ruaj ntseg. ASME Code Case N-898, uas txuas ntxiv tsim nyog Alloy 617 kev tsim kho mus txog 954℃(1,750℃F).

Lub luag hauj lwm Dab tsi Ua Alloy 690 Ua Si hauv Lub Teeb - Dej -SMRs?

Alloy 690 yog tus qauv chav tsim hluav taws xob thiab cov cua sov- cov khoom siv sib pauv tubing rau lub teeb- dej SMR tsim vim nws qhov kev tiv thaiv siab rau thawj cov dej kev nyuaj siab corrosion cracking (PWSCC), hom tsis ua hauj lwm uas tsav lub nuclear kev lag luam tawm ntawm nws cov thawj, Alloy 600, pib nyob rau hauv 1980s-2000s.

Lub teeb- dej SMRs xws li NuScale tus tsim thiab GE Hitachi's BWRX-300 tau txais feem ntau ntawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv hauv paus ncaj qha los ntawm qhov loj -reactor pressurized thiab boiling dej fleet, suav nrog kev cia siab rau Alloy 690 nyob qhov twg ib tug npib tsib xee-chromium-sib cuag siab, puronity siab -kub thawj dej nyob rau hauv seem kev nyuaj siab los ntawm dabtsi yog khoov los yog nthuav. Alloy 600, siv nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag yav dhau los, ua pov thawj rau PWSCC ntawm cov ciam teb nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev - kev pab cuam, ua rau cov nqi hluav taws xob hluav taws xob hloov pauv kev lag luam thoob plaws.

Alloy 690's ntau dua chromium cov ntsiab lus txhawb kev ruaj khov, txuas ntxiv tiv thaiv oxide zaj duab xis nyob rau hauv tib cov dej chemistry thiab kev ntxhov siab, muab nws zoo dua tawg tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm tom qab. Vim tias lub teeb -SMRs dej ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias thiab dej- chemistry hnab ntawv raws li cov pa roj carbon monoxide PWR, Alloy 690 tubing nqa tau raws li qhov tsim nyog, code- tau txais cov khoom siv ntau dua li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj siab tshiab -kub tsim nyog ua haujlwm ntawm hom HTGR} thiab ntsev.

Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev degradation Mechanisms Nickel Alloys yuav tsum tawm tsam hauv SMR Service?

Cov txheej txheem degradation tseem ceeb sib txawv los ntawm kev ua kom txias: nkag thiab helium- impurity carburization tswj cov pa roj-cov qauv txias, chromium leaching tswj molten-cov qauv ntsev, thawj cov dej kev nyuaj siab corrosion cracking tswj lub teeb- dej tsim, thiab hluav taws xob hluav taws xob- ntoo khaub lig- txiav kev txhawj xeeb rau ib qho nickel alloy siv nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm siab neutron fluence.

Table 3. Tus thawj coj degradation mechanisms npib tsib xee alloys yuav tsum tawm tsam thoob plaws hauv chav kawm SMR coolant, thiab cov thawj tsim los yog metallurgical mitigations siv nyob rau hauv tam sim no xyaum.

ASME Section III, Division 5 Yuav Ua Li Cas Tsim Nyog Cov Khoom Siv Tshiab rau Kev Siv Cov Reactor Advanced?

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tshiab txav los ntawm tus neeg sib tw mus rau qhov tsim nyog los ntawm txoj cai ASME- cov txheej txheem uas yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, ntau - xyoo ntawm kev nkag, tensile, thiab qaug zog tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam kub kub, tshuaj xyuas thiab pov npav los ntawm ASME subcommittee uas cuam tshuam ua ntej nws tuaj yeem siv rau kev tsim kho.

ASME Tshooj III, Division 5 tau luam tawm los sib sau ua ke siab -kub nuclear kev tsim kho cov cai rau txhua hom reactor coolant siab heev nyob rau hauv ib qho kev faib, tsim cov qauv tsim los tsim rau sodium-cooled reactors. Ntxiv cov khoom tshiab - raws li tau tshwm sim rau Alloy 617 - xav kom cov khoom tsim khoom lossis ib lub koom haum kev lag luam los sib sau ua ke Class A tsim cov ntaub ntawv npog cov tensile thiab creep-cov khoom tawg thoob plaws qhov ntsuas kub, isochronous stress-strain curves rau siab -temperature design, fatigue, data, creep{101} tag nrho peb mus rau tus lej "Cov Lus Qhia rau Kev Tsim Cov Ntaub Ntawv Xav Tau rau Cov Khoom Tshiab."

ASME's Boiler thiab Pressure Vessel Committee tom qab ntawd tshuaj xyuas thiab xaiv cov pob no ua ntej tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv raug cai; Alloy 617 code case siv kwv yees li kaum xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus cwj pwm, txawm hais tias ASME tau hloov kho lub voj voog tshuaj xyuas rau cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej raws li cov kev kawm tau kawm. Cov txheej txheem no yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm qee qhov kev cog lus nickel alloys, xws li Hastelloy N, tseem yog cov neeg sib tw es tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau US daim ntawv tso cai kev tsim kho txawm tias lawv cov corrosion thiab mechanical cwj pwm tau kawm ntau xyoo lawm.

Dab tsi yog Nickel Alloy Koj Yuav Tsum Qhia Rau Koj Cov Khoom Siv Ua Haujlwm Zoo Tshaj Plaws?

Sib piv cov hlau rau kev tswj xyuas cov dej txias thiab qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb, tsis yog rau cov chav kawm reactor tag nrho, vim tias ib qho kev tsim SMR tuaj yeem suav nrog ntau qhov chaw ua haujlwm sib txawv thoob plaws nws cov thawj thiab theem nrab.

Table 4. Cheebtsam - theem nickel alloy xaiv kev taw qhia los ntawm SMR coolant ib puag ncig. Kev xaiv cov ntaub ntawv zaum kawg yuav tsum tau lees paub tawm tsam tus neeg muag khoom tshwj xeeb reactor qhov kev pom zoo tsim thiab ASME code tsab / code rooj plaub uas tau thov los ntawm daim ntawv tso cai.

Lub xeev tam sim no ntawm SMR xa tawm yog dab tsi, thiab Vim Li Cas Nws Tseem Ceeb rau Cov Khoom Siv Khoom Siv?

Raws li xyoo 2026, Tebchaws Meskas tau txav los ntawm cov ntawv tsim los rau kev tsim kho thawj zaug hauv kaum xyoo, thiab qhov kev hloov pauv no tau pib tsim ze li ntawm -lub sijhawm thov rau nuclear- qib npib tsib xee alloy phaj, raj, thiab forgings es tsis yog kev tshawb fawb nkaus xwb - teev ntau npaum li cas.

TerraPower tau txais thawj zaug US Nuclear Regulatory Commission daim ntawv tso cai tsim kho uas tau muab rau kev lag luam uas tsis yog - lub teeb - dej fais fab reactor nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 2026 thiab tsoo hauv av rau nws cov sodium - txias Natrium cog hauv Kemmerer, Wyoming tsis ntev tom qab ntawd. NuScale Power's uprated SMR tsim tau txais kev pom zoo NRC, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob suav nrog Tennessee Valley Authority tau tsim ntau -gigawatt SMR xa tawm cov kev pab cuam.

X-energy's helium-cooled Xe-100 tab tom ua los ntawm NRC tshuaj xyuas rau Texas qhov chaw, thiab Kairos Power txuas ntxiv tsim cov tshuaj fluoride txuas ntxiv-cov ntsuas ntsev-txias hauv Tennessee. Cov tuam txhab thev naus laus zis loj tau sib cais kos npe ntau dua kaum gigawatts ntawm kev cog lus siab heev nuclear peev xwm los pab lub zog AI cov ntaub ntawv chaw loj hlob, qhov ntsuas ntawm kev cog lus ntiag tug uas yog tshiab rau kev lag luam.

Rau cov khoom siv hlau thiab cov khoom siv, qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov qib nickel alloy twb tau tham hauv phau ntawv qhia no - Alloy 690, Alloy 617, Alloy 800H, thiab cov molten- ntsev-resistant Hastelloy N tsev neeg - tab tom tsiv los ntawm feem ntau mus rau kev kawm thiab lub teb chaws - cov kev kuaj sim thawj-ntawm-ib-kev ua lag luam zoo, nrog rau kev kuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas thiab cov lej- qhov kev ua raws cai tau dhau los ua qhov ze ntawm - lub sijhawm yuav khoom es tsis yog kev txiav txim siab yav tom ntej.

Cov lus nug nquag

Q: Cov qauv 316 stainless hlau puas tuaj yeem siv rau hauv SMR Cheebtsam?

A: Yog lawm, rau qis dua - qhov kub thiab txias. Hom 304H thiab 316H tseem tsim nyog ASME Tshooj III, Division 5 cov ntaub ntawv thiab tau siv thoob plaws hauv kev tsim cov reactor siab heev nyob qhov twg qhov kev pabcuam kub nyob rau hauv lawv qhov kev tso cai - kev ntxhov siab ntau - feem ntau txog li 550-650℃nyob ntawm tus tsim lub neej thiab kev thauj khoom. Tshaj li qhov ntau, lawv lub zog creep poob sai heev rau lub neej ntau- xyoo caum tsim, uas yog qhov twg Alloy 617 thiab Alloy 800H coj mus.

Q: Qhov kub siab tshaj plaws yog dab tsi nuclear -nickel alloy muaj peev xwm ua tau?

A: Raws li tam sim no ASME Section III, Division 5 code case, Alloy 617 yog tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho mus txog 954℃(1,750℃F), qhov siab tshaj plaws kub txwv ntawm txhua yam ntaub ntawv tam sim no code- tsim nyog rau US nuclear kev tsim kho. Qhov tseeb tivthaiv tsim qhov kub thiab txias yog teem los ntawm cov reactor tus qauv tsim- kev tsom xam, tsis yog los ntawm cov alloy qhov siab tshaj plaws code txwv ib leeg.

Q: Vim li cas tsis yog Hastelloy N siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tso cai US coj mus muag reactor tseem?

A: Tsis yog vim nws qhov kev ua tau zoo tsis txaus ntseeg - nws muaj ntau caum xyoo ntawm kev sim thiab txwv cov ntaub ntawv khiav haujlwm rov qab mus rau xyoo 1960s Molten Salt Reactor Experiment - tab sis vim nws tseem tsis tau ua tiav cov txheej txheem ASME Tshooj III, Division 5 cov txheej txheem tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho kev lag luam hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Cov neeg tsim khoom nrhiav molten- ntsev los yog fluoride- ntsev- cov qauv tsim txias yuav tsum ua raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb uas yog ib feem ntawm lawv txoj kev tso cai.

Q: Puas yog Alloy 690 siv hauv SMR chav tshuab hluav taws xob sib txawv ntawm Alloy 690 siv hauv PWRs loj?

A: Tsis yog. Lub teeb-dej SMR tsim feem ntau kos rau tib lub ASME- tsim nyog Alloy 690 cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb uas twb tau tsim los rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide- dej reactor fleet, txij li ob qho tib si ua haujlwm hauv cov dej num zoo sib xws thiab qhov kub thiab txias. Lub alloy nws tus kheej tsis xav tau tshiab siab -kub tsim nyog rau daim ntawv thov no.

Q: Nws feem ntau siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas los ntxiv cov khoom tshiab rau ASME nuclear code?

A: Keeb kwm, ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib xyoo caum rau thawj zaug - ntawm - nws - zoo siab - cov ntaub ntawv kub - Alloy 617 code cov ntaub ntawv tau siv ntev li ntev los ntawm thawj tus cwj pwm mus rau kev tshaj tawm. Txij li thaum ASME tau hloov kho nws cov kev tshuaj xyuas ua haujlwm raws li cov lus qhia uas tau kawm los ntawm qhov kev siv zog ntawd, tab sis kev sib sau cov ntaub ntawv xav tau, qaug zog, thiab cov ntaub ntawv weldability tseem yog tus nqi - txwv cov kauj ruam rau cov khoom siv tshiab.