Monel K500 (UNS N05500)yog forged rau hauv twj tso kua mis, valve stems, laum dab tshos, thiab marine fasteners precisely vim hais tias nws combines seawater - qib corrosion kuj nrog lub hnub nyoog - hardened lub zog ze li peb npaug ntawm Monel 400. Tau txais lub zog ntawd yam xyuam xim tawm ntawm forging, txawm li cas los xij, nyob ntawm kev ntaus lub qhov rais nqaim thiab tsawg dua qhov kev zam txim rau qhov kub thiab txias.
Phau ntawv qhia no nthuav tawm qhov tseeb kub- ua haujlwm ntau yam, qhov laj thawj tom qab nws cov kev txwv, kev tshaj tawm -forging kev kho cua sov xav tau kom ncav cuag cov khoom tiav, thiab qhov kub tam sim no - kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua haujlwm ntxiv rau cov kev taw qhia cov neeg tsim khoom ib txwm muaj.
Dab tsi yog qhov Forging Temperature Range rau Monel K500?
Monel K500 yuav tsum kub- ua haujlwm ntawm 1600℃F thiab 2100℃F (871-1149 degree), nrog rau kev txo qis hauv qhov siab ntawm qhov ntau, 1900-2100℃F (1038-1149℃). Ua hauj lwm qis dua 1600℃F tsis pom zoo, thiab 2100℃F yog qhov siab tshaj plaws cua sov uas pom zoo.
Qhov ntau yam no tuaj ncaj qha los ntawm Special Metals Corporation, lub alloy lub hauv paus tsim, thiab yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua lub khw forge yuav tsum ua haujlwm los ntawm. Tsis zoo li cov hlau yooj yim, Monel K500 yog hnub nyoog - hardenable - nws muaj txhuas thiab titanium uas tsim kom muaj zog Ni3(Ti, Al) precipitates thaum tshav kub kub kho - thiab cov chemistry yog dab tsi ua rau nws qhov kub tsis zoo - ua hauj lwm qhov rais piv nrog dawbMonel 400.
|
Parameter |
degree F |
degree |
|
Tag nrho kub - ua haujlwm ntau yam |
1600–2100 |
871–1149 |
|
Hnyav-ua haujlwm (zoo tshaj) ntau yam |
1900–2100 |
1038–1149 |
|
Yam tsawg kawg nkaus ua haujlwm kub |
1600 (tsis txhob mus hauv qab) |
871 |
|
Qhov siab tshaj plaws tau pom zoo cua sov |
2100 |
1149 |
|
Thaum kawg reheat rau nplua - nplej forgings |
2000 (+ Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 30% txo ntawm cheeb tsam) |
1093 |
|
Alloy melting ntau yam (tsuas yog siv, tsis yog lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm) |
2400–2460 |
1315–1350 |
Table 1. Pom zoo forging kub tsis kam rau Monel K500. Tau qhov twg los: Special Metals Corporation, MONEL® alloy K-500 technical bulletin (Publication SMC-062).
Vim li cas Kev Ua Haujlwm Monel K500 qis dua 1600℃F Risk Ua rau Forging?
Hauv qab kwv yees li 1600℃F, Monel K500 poob qhov kub tsis tuaj yeem thiab tuaj yeem pib ua tus kheej - hnub nyoog- tawv thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm nws tus kheej, ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab tsis txaus ntseeg thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg lossis tawg ntau dua li ntxuav cov yas deformation.
Lub 1600℃F pem teb tsis yog ib qho kev nyab xeeb kev nyab xeeb arbitrary - nws qhia txog cov alloy nws tus kheej metallurgy. Ni3 (Ti, Al) nag lossis daus, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas nyuaj Monel K500, pib tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kwv yees li ntawm 900-1400℃F yog tias cov khoom tuav los yog txias maj mam los ntawm nws. Yog tias lub forger sim ua kom cov khoom ua haujlwm zoo hauv qab 1600℃F, lub alloy yog edging mus rau qhov dej nag ntau ntawm nruab nrab - kev khiav hauj lwm: nws stiffens thiab poob ductility raws nraim thaum lub forger yog cia siab rau nws ntws. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov kub classic- ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm - nto tearing, sab hauv tawg, lossis tsuas yog ib feem uas tsis tuaj yeem deformed ntxiv yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj.
Yuav ua li cas yog Monel K500 Overheated saum 2100℃F?
Txawm hais tias bulk melting tsis pib kom txog rau thaum kwv yees li 2400℃F, 2100℃F yog teem raws li lub qab nthab vim hais tias ntev raug sab saum toj nws txhawb kev loj hlob ntau dhau lawm thiab hnyav oxidation deg, ob qho tib si uas degrade lub mechanical zog thiab nto zoo ntawm cov tiav forging.
Muaj 300℃F (kwv yees 170 degree) cov npoo ntawm qhov pom zoo 2100℃F qab nthab thiab cov hlau 2400℃F melting pib, yog li qhov kev pheej hmoo siab tshaj 2100℃F tsis yog tam sim ntawd incipient melting - nws yog cumulative puas los ntawm ntau lub sij hawm ntawm kub. Cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov hlau ua haujlwm tau qhia meej tias cov hlau yuav tsum raug them rau hauv lub qhov cub kub thiab tshem tawm sai li sai tau thaum nws tau ua kom sov zoo ib yam, vim tias lub sijhawm so ntev ntawm 2100℃F yog qhov teeb meem txawm tias tsis tshaj nws. Grain coarsening txo ob qho tib si lub zog thiab lub zog ntawm qhov ua tiav, thaum hnyav oxide nplai nyuaj nyuaj thiab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm rau hauv qhov chaw thaum lub sij hawm tom qab deformation, tsim qhov tsis xws luag tom qab machining yuav tsis tshem tawm tag nrho.
Yuav tsum ncua sij hawm Forging yuav ua li cas kom tsis txhob ua rau cov khoom puas?
Yog tias qhov kev ncua sij hawm tshwm sim ib nrab ntawm -kev ua haujlwm, txo lub cub tawg rau - lossis tuav nws ntawm - 1900℃F es tsis txhob tso cov khoom tso rau ntawm 2100℃F, ces coj rov qab mus rau 2100℃F tsuas yog luv luv ua ntej ua haujlwm rov qab; kom ncua sij hawm ntev, tshem cov khoom tawm ntawm lub qhov cub thiab dej -quench nws es tsis txhob cia nws zaum.
Qhov no ob-tier tuav tswv yim yog ib qho kev qhia ncaj qha, siv tau los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom alloy, thiab nws muaj kev cuam tshuam tib lub logic li 2100℃F qab nthab: txo qis lub sij hawm sib npaug ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj tiv thaiv cov nplej loj thiab qhov chaw zoo yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam lub peev xwm rov ua haujlwm hnyav sai sai thaum lub sijhawm ncua sijhawm. Tsuas yog tawm hauv lub cub tawg ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thaum lub sijhawm tsis tau npaj tseg yog ib qho ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev khw muag khoom tsis txhob txwm tshaj tawm lossis coarsen Monel K500 forging ua ntej nws puas tau mus txog qhov tuag.
Txoj kev txias dab tsi yuav tsum ua raws li kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm Monel K500?
Dej-quench cov khoom los ntawm 1450℃F lossis siab dua tam sim ntawd tom qab ua haujlwm kub - tsis txhob tso cua rau- txias - vim tias qhov txias qeeb los ntawm kev laus ua rau cov hlau ua rau nws tus kheej ib nrab - cua sov- kho, tsim kev ntxhov siab sab hauv uas tuaj yeem ua rau thermal splitting lossis tearing rau tom ntej reheat.
Huab cua- cua txias qhov kub- ua haujlwm Monel K500 daim yog ib qho ntawm qhov ua yuam kev tshaj plaws nyob rau theem no. Vim hais tias cov hlau pib tsim nws cov precipitates ntxiv dag zog thaum nws txias maj mam los ntawm kwv yees li 900-1400℃F, huab cua -txias ib nrab hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv txoj kev tsis tswj hwm - hardening unevenly thiab txhim kho kev ntxhov siab. Qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawd tuaj yeem ua rau tawg lossis tawg rau lwm zaus cov khoom rov ua dua rau kev ua haujlwm ntxiv lossis kev kho cua sov. Cov dej nrawm nrawm (nrog kwv yees li 2% cawv ntxiv los ntawm ntim, ib tus neeg tsim khoom qhia, kom txo qis oxidation thiab yooj yim pickling) zam qhov teeb meem no thiab tseem tawm ntau lub hnub nyoog - cov khoom sib xyaw ua kom tawv tawv, muab cov khoom teb zoo dua rau lub hnub nyoog txhob txwm tshaj tawm - kev kho mob tawv tom qab.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Ua Tau Zoo Cov Noob Noob Hauv Monel K500 Forgings?
Rau kev nplua -grained forging, qhov kawg reheat ua ntej qhov kawg forging pass yuav tsum yog 2000℃F, thiab qhov kawg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau txo tsawg kawg yog 30% ntawm cheeb tsam.
Grain loj nyob rau hauv ib tug forging yog teem loj los ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov yas deformation thov nyob rau hauv lub kawg ua hauj lwm kauj ruam thiab qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov kauj ruam ntawd tshwm sim. Kev txo qis kawg nkaus (Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 30%) ntawm kev tswj 2000℃F reheat txhawb nqa recrystallization rau cov qauv nplej zoo es tsis yog tawm hauv ntxhib, xws li - nrum- zoo li cov nplej los ntawm yav dhau los, sib zog ua haujlwm dhau. Fine grain loj tseem ceeb ncaj qha rau cov neeg siv kawg: nws txhim kho toughness, qaug zog tiv thaiv, thiab cov uniformity ntawm txhua yam khoom thoob plaws hauv seem, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb rau kev nyab xeeb - qhov tseem ceeb xws li valve stems thiab twj tso kua mis shafts.
Dab tsi yog Niaj Hnub Kub Kub-Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Ua Haujlwm Hais Txog Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws Forging?
Isothermal kub- kev ntsuam xyuas compression thiab kev ua haujlwm- daim ntawv qhia kev txheeb xyuas qhov ntsuas kub siab tshaj 1000℃(1832℃F) - ze rau sab saum toj ntawm cov tsoos 1600-2100℃F cov neeg tsim khoom ntau yam - raws li qhov ruaj khov, siab tshaj -kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj qhov uas Monel K50 dynamicization dhau los defect-nrawm ntws localization.
Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb xyoo 2026 tau luam tawm hauv Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A tau siv Gleeble thermomechanical simulator los khiav isothermal hot compression tests ntawm Monel K500 hla 850-1100℃thiab strain tus nqi ntawm 0.001 mus rau 10 ib ob, tom qab ntawd tsim ib daim ntawv qhia ua haujlwm (ib daim ntawv qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Lub chaw ruaj khov - qhov twg cov khoom tuaj yeem nqus tau lub zog los ntawm microstructural softening es tsis yog los ntawm kev tawg - tau pom nyob rau ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj 1000℃nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev ntsuam xyuas tus nqi, nrog lub siab tshaj plaws lub zog dissipation efficiency ntawm 49% thiab ib tug strain rate rhiab heev ntawm 0.3 tshwm sim ntawm 1000℃nyob rau hauv tus nqi qis tshaj Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) tsom xam tau lees paub tias softening nyob rau hauv no domain tshwm sim los ntawm dynamic recrystallization (DRX), pom raws li ib tug yam ntxwv "necklace" microstructure nucleating ntawm ntxaib ciam teb - tib lub mechanism uas tsim cov nplua, uniform grain qauv tau tham saum toj no.
Finite element simulations hauv tib txoj kev tshawb fawb kuj tau qhia tias yog vim li cas kev ua haujlwm sab nraum lub qhov rais ruaj khov no muaj kev pheej hmoo: ntawm qhov kub qis dua lossis siab dua, cua sov adiabatic (qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov chaw deformation nws tus kheej) ua rau ntws mus rau hauv cheeb tsam nqaim, thaum kev sib txhuam ntawm qhov tuag saum npoo tsim "tuag zones" ntawm ze -zero lub ntsej muag zoo tiv thaiv tus nqi. Ob qho kev cuam tshuam ua rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo tib yam cov neeg tsim khoom ib txwm qhia tau ceeb toom txog - qhov tsis sib xws, qhov tsis xws luag - deformation yooj yim - tab sis kev ua haujlwm - daim ntawv qhia cov ntaub ntawv muab forge engineers ib tug ntau npaum li cas rau nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov lus pom zoo 1600–2100℃F thaum lub hauv qab hnyav dua li qhov yuav tsum tau ua.
|
Ua Daim Ntawv Qhia Parameter (Gleeble Kub Compression Study) |
Kev tshwm sim |
|
Qhov ntsuas kub tau kawm |
850-1100℃(1562-2012℃F) |
|
Cov kab mob strain tau kawm |
10⁻³ txog 10s⁻¹ |
|
ruaj khov, siab - ua haujlwm tau zoo |
T> 1000℃(1832℃F), hla txhua qhov kev kuaj mob |
|
Peak zog dissipation efficiency (η) |
49% ntawm 1000℃/ 10⁻³ s⁻¹ |
|
Lim tus nqi rhiab heev (m) ntawm qhov zoo |
0.3 |
|
Dominant softening mechanism nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ruaj khov |
Dynamic recrystallization (DRX); "necklace" microstructure nucleated ntawm ntxaib ciam teb |
|
Defect mechanisms sab nraum lub chaw ruaj khov |
Adiabatic- cua sov-tsav khiav hauv zos; kev sib txhuam- txwv "cov chaw tuag" nyob ze ntawm kev tuag |
Table 2. Kub- ua haujlwm tau zoo- daim ntawv qhia kev tshawb pom rau Monel K500. Tau qhov twg los: "Kev ua kom zoo ntawm Kev Ua Haujlwm Kub Kub thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas Microstructure hauv Monel K500: Txoj Kev Kawm Siv Cov Kev Ua Haujlwm, Kev Sib Txuas Sib Txuas thiab FEM Kev Ntsuam Xyuas," Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A.
Yuav ua li cas Monel K500's Forging Range piv rau Monel 400's?
Monel K500 qhov kub- ua haujlwm qhov rais (1600–2100℃F) zaum zoo tshaj qhov qis kawg ntawm Monel 400 qhov dav dav (1200–2150℃F), vim Monel 400 tsis muaj txhuas lossis titanium thiab yog li tsis muaj hnub nyoog -hardening cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas ua haujlwm qis dua.
|
Alloy |
Tag Nrho Kub- Ua Haujlwm Ntau |
Hnyav- Ua haujlwm ntau |
Yam tsawg kawg nkaus Temp |
|
Monel K500 (N05500) |
1600-2100 ° F (871-1149 ° F) |
1900-2100 ° F (1038-1149 ° F) |
1600℃F (871 degree) |
|
Monel 400 (N04400) |
1200-2150 ° F (650-1175 ° F) |
1740-2150 ° F (950-1175 ° F) |
- (tsis muaj hnub nyoog- hardening pem teb) |
Table 3. Sib piv kub- ua haujlwm kub ntawm Monel K500 thiab Monel 400.
Qhov cuam tshuam rau lub khw uas forges ob qho tib si alloys: Monel 400 tooling thiab furnace xyaum tsis tuaj yeem rov qab siv dua rau Monel K500 yam tsis muaj kev hloov kho. Monel 400 zam qhov dav dav ntawm qhov qis kawg nkaus vim tias tsis muaj nag lossis daus - cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hnyav rau qhov ua tsis tau zoo, thaum Monel K500's 1600℃F pem teb muaj tshwj xeeb kom khaws cov khoom tawm ntawm nws qhov kev laus thaum lub sij hawm deformation.
Dab tsi Post -Forging Thaum tshav kub kub kho yog yuav tsum tau mus cuag tag nrho lub zog?
Ib yam li -forged (dej-quenched) Monel K500 ib feem yuav tsum tseem muaj hnub nyoog- tawv kom ncav cuag nws lub zog ntsuas; lub sijhawm thiab qhov kub thiab txias yog nyob ntawm qhov hardness / txias- lub xeev ua haujlwm nkag mus rau kev kho mob, thiab Cov Hlau Tshwj Xeeb txhais tau peb lub sijhawm sib txawv uas suav nrog ntau yam los ntawm - cov ntaub ntawv forged mus rau qhov txias txias - ua haujlwm caij nplooj ntoos hlav temper.
|
Pib mob |
Kwv yees li. Hardness |
Hnub nyoog -Lub Sij Hawm Sib Tw |
Yam khoom |
|
Mos (raws li -forged/annealed) |
140-180 HB (75-90 HRB) |
1100-1125 ° F / 16 hr, rauv-txias 15-25 ° F / hr txog 900 ° F, ces txias rau chav tsev kub los ntawm txhua txoj kev |
Raws li -forged & quenched lossis annealed forgings; annealed/kub-rolled rods; txias txias -kos rods tshaj 1½ nyob rau hauv. dia.; soft-mob hlau / sawb |
|
Txias txias- ua haujlwm |
175-250 HB (8-25 HRC) |
1100-1125℃F / 8 hr yam tsawg kawg nkaus (mus txog 16 hr nyob ze qhov qis kawg ntawm qhov hardness range), txias rau 900℃F ntawm Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 15-25℃F / hr |
Txias-cov pas nrig; ib nrab- tawv tawv; txias- chim siab; intermediate-kub hlau |
|
Txias tag nrho - ua haujlwm |
260–325 HB (25–35 HRC) |
980-1000℃F / 6 hr yam tsawg kawg nkaus (8-10 hr rau siab tshaj plaws hardness), txias rau 900℃F ntawm 15-25℃F / hr |
Caij nplooj ntoos hlav-mob strip/wire; txias txias - ua tej daim me me |
Table 4. Hnub nyoog - lub sij hawm hardening rau Monel K500 los ntawm qhov pib mob. Tau qhov twg los: Special Metals Corporation, MONEL® alloy K-500 technical bulletin.
Feem ntau forgings poob rau hauv thawj qeb: ib yam li -forged, dej-quenched ib feem yog hnub nyoog-hardened ncaj qha siv 1100–1125℃F / 16- teev sijhawm. Ib feem uas xav tau qhov siab tshaj plaws qhov tseeb yog feem ntau machined me ntsis oversize ua ntej aging, ces tiav-machined tom qab, txij li thaum laus ua rau ib tug me me, kwv yees volumetric contraction (kwv yees li 0.0002 in./in.) es tsis tseem ceeb warping.
Dab tsi yog qhov feem ntau Forging Defects nyob rau hauv Monel K500, thiab dab tsi ua rau lawv?
Cov qauv tsis raug rov ua dua yog thermal splitting lossis tearing los ntawm huab cua-txias es tsis txhob dej-quenching, poob ntawm hardenability los ntawm ntau tshaj- tuav nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem-anneal ntau, thiab txo qaug zog los ntawm oxidized (es tsis yog kub / polished) nto - tag nrho cov traceable lub sij hawm.
|
Defect / Khoom poob |
Root Ua thiab Kho |
|
Thermal splitting los yog tearing ntawm reheat |
Ua los ntawm huab cua- cua txias tom qab ua haujlwm kub es tsis txhob dej -quenching los ntawm ntau dua los yog sib npaug rau 1450℃F, uas tso cai rau ib nrab, tsis tswj nws tus kheej- kev laus thiab cov kev ntxhov siab nyob. Kho: ib txwm dej-quench sai tom qab ua haujlwm kub. |
|
Poob lub hnub nyoog- cov lus teb nyuaj (kev cuam tshuam lub zog / hardness) |
Ua los ntawm kev tuav hauv 1100-1400℃F txheej txheem-ntxhiab qhov ntau tshaj li 1.5 teev, uas tso cai rau titanium carbide (TiC) tsim thiab txuas mus tas li titanium uas yuav txwv tsis pub ua rau Ni3 (Ti, Al) cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tawv. Kho: txwv txheej txheem-anneal tuav txog li 1 teev tom qab kub sib npaug; Yog tias TiC tau tsim lawm, 2050℃F / 30-feeb kev daws teeb meem yuav tsum tau rov ua dua tshiab, ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov coarser grain loj. |
|
Txo qaug zog lub zog hauv kev pabcuam |
Ib qho oxidized nto (piv rau ib qho polished) ntsuas qhov qaug zog qaug zog - cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm qhia tias poob ntawm li 57 ksi mus txog 39.5 ksi (108- lub voj voog qaug zog) ntawm qhov txias-dhau, cov khoom muaj hnub nyoog nrog oxidized tiv thaiv polished tiav. Kho: qhia kom meej polished los yog lwm yam huv si nto tiav rau cov khoom raug rau cyclic loading. |
|
Tshaj dhau / qis dua - lub zog tiav ib feem |
Qhov tshwm sim los ntawm qhov chaw nyob qhov twg hauv 1100-1400℃F qhov ntev ntev tshaj li lub sijhawm kev laus, uas tsis tuaj yeem kho los ntawm kev laus ntxiv. Kho: cov khoom overaged yuav tsum yog tag nrho cov kev daws teeb meem -annealed (1800–1900℃F) kom redissolve cov hardening constituents thiab ces re- laus los ntawm kos - nco ntsoov qhov no kuj tshem tawm tej txiaj ntsim los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm txias ua ntej. |
Table 5. Feem ntau Monel K500 forging thiab cua sov- kho tsis xws luag, lawv metallurgical ua rau, thiab kev kho kom raug.
Cov lus nug nquag
Qhov kub - ua haujlwm kub li cas rau Monel K500?
1600℃F txog 2100℃F (871-1149 degree), nrog hnyav txo qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm 1900℃F thiab 2100℃F (1038-1149 degree). Ua haujlwm qis dua 1600℃F tsis pom zoo.
Monel K500 puas tuaj yeem ua rau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias li Monel 400?
Tsis yog. Monel 400 zam qhov qis qis qis ua haujlwm kub (txog li 1200℃F / 650℃) vim nws tsis muaj txhuas lossis titanium hnub nyoog- hardening precipitates rau inadvertently ua. Monel K500's 1600℃F pem teb muaj tshwj xeeb kom tsis txhob ua haujlwm cov khoom siv rau hauv nws tus kheej kev laus.
Monel K500 puas yuav tsum yog cua- txias lossis dej-quenched tom qab forging?
Dej -quenched, los ntawm 1450℃F lossis siab dua. Cov cua txias tso cai rau ib feem, tsis tswj lub hnub nyoog hardening thaum lub sij hawm poob qis, uas ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab sab hauv thiab tuaj yeem ua rau thermal splitting los yog tearing rau tom ntej reheat.
Dab tsi ntawm qhov kub thiab txias yuav tsum zam kom tsis txhob overaging Monel K500?
Tuav cov hlau nyob txhua qhov chaw hauv qhov kwv yees li 1100-1400℃F qhov ntev tshaj qhov tsim nyog txaus ntshai dhau los lossis tsim titanium carbide. Cov txheej txheem anneals nyob rau hauv no ntau yam yuav tsum tau txwv rau li 1 teev tom qab ib feem mus txog qhov kub thiab txias, nrog rau 1.5 teev raws li lub siab txwv.
Monel K500 puas xav tau kev kho cua sov tom qab forging kom ncav cuag lub zog tag nrho?
Yog lawm. Ib yam li -forged, dej-quenched ib feem tseem nyob rau hauv ib tug kuj mos mos thiab yuav tsum muaj hnub nyoog- hardened - feem ntau 1100–1125℃F rau 16 teev nrog tswj qhov cub txias rau 900℃F - los txhim kho nws tag nrho rated zog thiab hardness.
