Rau feem ntau nruj sib xyaw -acid lossis oxidizing tshuaj ib puag ncig,Hastelloy C22muaj superior tag nrho - nyob ib ncig ntawm corrosion kuj. Rau kev txo cov kua qaub ib puag ncig - xws li hydrochloric acid, ntub dej hydrogen chloride, thiab sulfuric acid - thiab rau cov ntawv thov uas yuav tsum tau ua pov thawj ntev -lub sij hawm ua haujlwm, C-276 tseem yog cov qauv kev lag luam. Nyeem rau rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv-tsav kev sib piv.
Taw qhia
Tshuaj ua cov nroj tsuag yog hostile ib puag ncig. Cov kua qaub, chlorides, oxidizing cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab qhov kub thiab txias ua rau cov hlau zoo tib yam hauv ib teev. Kev xaiv cov hlau tsis raug rau lub tshuab hluav taws xob, lub tshuab hluav taws xob reactor, lossis cov agitator txhais tau hais tias corrosion- tsav cov xau, paug cov khoom ntws, raug kaw, thiab - phem tshaj - kev nyab xeeb kev nyab xeeb.
Hastelloy C276thiab C22 yog ob ntawm cov nickel uas tau teev ntau tshaj plaws -raws li alloys nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb no rau kev pab cuam corrosive hnyav. Ob leeg yog tsim los ntawm Haynes International thiab them los ntawm cov qauv ASTM thiab ASME loj. Ob leeg muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj corrosion rau stainless hlau. Txawm li cas los xij lawv tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau - txhua tus muaj cov qauv tshuaj sib txawv uas ua rau nws zoo dua rau qee qhov chaw.
Phau ntawv qhia no piv C-276 thiab C-22 thoob plaws txhua qhov loj me uas tseem ceeb rau tus tsim cov cuab yeej siv tshuaj: muaj pes tsawg leeg, corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, weldability, applicable standards, thiab tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov tswv cuab.
Hastelloy C276 vs. C22: Qhov txawv
Cov lus hauv qab no muab ib qho tam sim ntawd, sab-los ntawm- sab txheej txheem cej luam ntawm ob lub alloys hla qhov kev txiav txim siab tshaj plaws- qhov tsis tseem ceeb.
|
Khoom |
Hastelloy C-276 |
Hastelloy C-22 |
|
UNS Number |
N10276 |
N06022 |
|
Thawj Alloying Elements |
57% Ni, 15.5% Cr, 16% Mo, 4% W |
56% Ni, 22% Cr, 13% Mo, 3% W |
|
Chromium Cov ntsiab lus |
14.5 – 16.5% |
20.0 – 22.5% |
|
Molybdenum Cov ntsiab lus |
15.0 – 17.0% |
12.5 – 14.5% |
|
PREN (Pitting Resistance) |
~70–72 |
~65–68 |
|
Oxidizing Acid Resistance |
Zoo |
Zoo heev |
|
Txo Acid Resistance |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
|
Mixed -Acid Ib puag ncig |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
|
Localized Corrosion Resistance |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
|
HAZ (Weld Zone) Corrosion Resist. |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev - qhov tseem ceeb tsim kom zoo dua |
|
Max. Kev Pabcuam Nruam Temp. |
1,040℃(1,900℃F) - oxidizing |
1,040℃(1,900℃F) - oxidizing |
|
Tensile zog (annealed) |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 690 MPa (100 ksi) |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 690 MPa (100 ksi) |
|
Yield zog (annealed) |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 283 MPa (41 ksi) |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 310 MPa (45 ksi) |
|
Tus nqi txheeb ze |
Nruab nrab (kev lag luam benchmark) |
Siab dua me ntsis (5-15% hwm) |
|
Xyoo nyob rau hauv Industrial Siv |
60+ xyoo |
35+ xyoo |
|
Kev pom zoo ASME Code Case |
Yog lawm |
Yog lawm |
Nco tseg:PREN=Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (siab dua=ntau dua). Tus nqi yog qhov qhia tau; paub meej nrog ASTM / EN specifications tam sim no.
Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg
Xav txog ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke raws li nws daim ntawv qhia. Txhua lub ntsiab plays lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Nkag siab txog daim ntawv qhia no qhia rau koj - ua ntej ib qho kev kuaj corrosion - qhov twg txhua lub alloy yuav ua tau zoo thiab qhov twg nws yuav tawm tsam.
|
Element (wt%) |
C-276 ntau |
C-22 Ntau |
Lub luag haujlwm hauv Corrosion Resistance |
|
Nickel (Ni) |
Qhov nyiaj tshuav (~ 57%) |
Qhov nyiaj tshuav (~ 56%) |
Matrix hlau; muab ductility, toughness, thiab baseline acid kuj |
|
Chromium (Cr) |
14.5 – 16.5 |
20.0 – 22.5 |
Daim ntawv Cr₂O₃ passive zaj duab xis; siab Cr hauv C-22 boosts oxidizing acid kuj |
|
Molybdenum (hli) |
15.0 – 17.0 |
12.5 – 14.5 |
Txhim kho cov zaj duab xis passive hauv kev txo / chloride ib puag ncig; siab Mo hauv C-276 pab HCl tsis kam |
|
Tungsten (W) |
3.0 – 4.5 |
2.5 – 3.5 |
Synergistic nrog Mo; txhim khu kev tiv thaiv pitting thiab crevice corrosion |
|
Hlau (Fe) |
4.0 – 7.0 |
2.0 – 6.0 |
Muab tub lim; qis Fe hauv C-22 txhim kho kub-corrosion kuj |
|
Cobalt (zeeg) |
Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 2.5 |
Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 2.5 |
Tswj impurity; stabilizes microstructure |
|
Cov pa roj carbon (C) |
Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.010 |
Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.015 |
Ultra- qis C txo qis carbide nag lossis daus ntawm cov ciam teb (sensitization) |
|
Silicon (Si) |
Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.08 |
Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.08 |
Tswj los tiv thaiv embrittlement |
|
Manganese (Mn) |
Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug rau 1.0 |
Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.50 |
Tswj tau; Tshaj Mn txo cov corrosion kuj |
|
Vanadium (V) |
Tsawg dua los yog sib npaug li 0.35 |
- |
Txoj kab; me me cuam tshuam rau lub zog |
Nco tseg:Kev sib xyaw ntawm ASTM B575 (phaj / ntawv). Qhov ntau yam yuav txawv me ntsis rau cov yeeb nkab (ASTM B622), bar (ASTM B574), thiab fittings (ASTM B366).
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb:C-276 siv molybdenum ntau dua (txog 17%) los ua tus thawj coj hauv kev txo cov kua qaub. C-22 siv ntau chromium (txog 22.5%) kom ua tau zoo hauv oxidizing thiab sib xyaw-acid ib puag ncig. Qhov kev lag luam tawm ib leeg no yog lub hauv paus ua rau ze li ntawm txhua qhov kev sib txawv ntawm ob lub alloys.
Corrosion Resistance: Ib puag ncig - los ntawm - Ib puag ncig kev sib piv
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) - Txo Ib puag ncig
Hydrochloric acid yog ib qho kev tawm tsam hnyav tshaj plaws hauv kev ua tshuaj lom neeg - siv rau hauv pickling, pH tswj, mineral extraction, thiab organic chemical synthesis. Nws yog ib qho kev txo cov kua qaub, txhais tau hais tias nws nquag tawm tsam cov zaj duab xis passive ntawm feem ntau cov hlau.
|
HCl Concentration |
Kub |
C-276 Corrosion Rate |
C-22 Corrosion Rate |
Xaiv xaiv |
|
1% |
Boiling |
< 0.13 mm/yr (excellent) |
< 0.13 mm/yr (excellent) |
Los yog; C-276 marginal ntug |
|
5% |
Boiling |
< 0.51 mm/yr (very good) |
0.51-1.0 hli / xyoo (zoo) |
C-276 |
|
10% |
66 degree |
< 0.51 mm/yr |
0.51-1.0 hli / xyoo |
C-276 |
|
20% |
52 degree |
< 0.51 mm/yr |
0.51-1.5 hli / xyoo |
C-276 |
|
37% (kwv yees) |
Ambient |
Txais tau (< 1.0 mm/yr) |
Tus nqi siab dua |
C-276 |
Nco tseg:Corrosion tus nqi cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Haynes International luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv corrosion. Tus nqi tiag tiag sib txawv nrog aeration, tshaj tawm, thiab cov kab mob. Tus nqi qis dua 0.13 hli / xyoo yog suav tias yog zoo heev; 0.13-0.51 hli / xyoo zoo heev; 0.51-1.27 hli / xyoo txais.
Kev txiav txim - HCl kev pabcuam:C-276 yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws alloy rau hydrochloric acid kev pab cuam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj 5% thiab siab kub. Nws cov ntsiab lus molybdenum siab dua muab qhov txiaj ntsig zoo corrosion.
Sulfuric Acid (H₂SO₄) - Txo kom sib tov
Sulfuric acid cwj pwm yog complex: dilute H₂SO₄ yog txo; concentrated H₂SO₄ yog oxidizing. Qhov kev sib hloov tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm 60-70% concentration. Ob lub alloys ua tau zoo thoob plaws ntau ntawm qhov no, tab sis nrog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm qhov siab.
|
H₂SO₄ Concentration |
Kub |
C-276 Kev ua haujlwm |
C-22 kev ua haujlwm |
Nyiam |
|
10% |
Boiling |
Zoo heev (< 0.13 mm/yr) |
Zoo heev (< 0.13 mm/yr) |
Los yog |
|
30% |
Boiling |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
C-22 marginal |
|
50% |
Boiling |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
C-22 |
|
70% |
Boiling |
Zoo |
Zoo heev |
C-22 |
|
80–98% |
Ambient |
Txais tau |
Txais tau |
Tham engineer |
|
Mixed H₂SO₄ + HCl |
Ua kom siab |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
C-22 |
Nco tseg:Hauv cov kua qaub sib xyaw uas muaj H₂SO₄ thiab HCl (ntau hauv chlor-alkali thiab ntxhia ua), C-22 feem ntau ua tau zoo tshaj C-276.
Nitric Acid (HNO₃) - Oxidizing Ib puag ncig
Nitric acid muaj zog oxidizing. Hauv oxidizing acids, chromium yog lub ntsiab tiv thaiv tseem ceeb - vim tias chromium tsim cov oxide zaj duab xis ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej oxidizing. Qhov no yog qhov twg C-22's 22% chromium cov ntsiab lus xa tawm qhov zoo dua C-276's 15.5%.
Kev txiav txim siab - Nitric acid kev pabcuam:C-22 yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau C-276 hauv kev pabcuam nitric acid ntawm txhua qhov concentration. C-276 qhov qis chromium cov ntsiab lus ua rau muaj kev xeb ntau dua hauv cov ntsiab lus HNO₃. Rau cov cuab yeej tuav nitric acid - reactors, condensers, cia tso tsheb hlau luam - C-22 yog tus qauv specification.
Phosphoric Acid (H₃PO₄)
Phosphoric acid yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov chiv, ua zaub mov, thiab kho qhov chaw. Nws tuaj yeem muaj halide impurities (fluorides, chlorides) uas cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm alloy.
|
Qhov xwm txheej |
C-276 |
C-22 |
Kev pom zoo |
|
Ntshiab H₃PO₄ (tag nrho cov concentrations) |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
Ob leeg yog tsim nyog |
|
H₃PO₄ + Cl⁻ contamination |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
C-22 nyiam |
|
H₃PO₄ + F⁻ contamination (ntub- txheej txheem) |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
C-22 nyiam - siab dua Cr pab fluoride tsis kam |
|
Boiling phosphoric acid |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
Los yog; xyuas nrog daim coupon tes |
Pitting, Crevice, thiab Localized Corrosion
Hauv cov tshuaj chloride-cov kabmob ib puag ncig - seawater, brine, tshuaj dawb, thiab ntau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam kwj - localized corrosion (pitting thiab crevice attack) yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo ntau dua li kev xeb. Txawm tias ib lub qhov me me hauv phab ntsa ntawm lub nkoj tuaj yeem loj hlob mus txog - phab ntsa tsis xws luag nyob rau ntau lub hlis.
Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) muab ib qho kev ntsuas sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj chloride pitting:
PREN=%Cr + 3.3(%Mo) + 1.65(%W) + 30(%N)
|
Metric |
C-276 |
C-22 |
Saib |
|
Chromium pab |
~16 |
~22 |
Higher Cr muab C-22 kom zoo dua |
|
Molybdenum pab (× 3.3) |
~53 |
~43 |
Higher Mo muab C-276 kom zoo dua |
|
Tungsten pab (× 1.65) |
~6.6 |
~5.0 |
Qhov txawv nruab nrab |
|
Kwv yees li PREN |
~70–72 |
~65–68 |
C-276 me ntsis siab dua ntawm PREN nplai |
|
Qhov tseeb crevice corrosion qib |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
C-22 ua tau zoo hauv kev xyaum (HAZ kom zoo dua) |
Nco tseg:Txawm hais tias C-276 muaj qhov ntsuas qis dua PREN, C-22 qhov zoo tshaj plaws weld tshav kub cuam tshuam cheeb tsam (HAZ) tsis kam txhais tau tias nws ua tau zoo tshaj hauv cov khoom siv welded tiag tiag raug rau cov tshuaj chlorides.
Critical Nuance:PREN yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntsuas raws li qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Hauv cov khoom siv welded - uas piav qhia txog txhua yam tiag tiag - ntiaj teb cov hlab ntsha tshuaj lom neeg - C-22 qhov zoo tshaj plaws tshav kub-tshem tawm tsam corrosion ua rau nws qhov kev ua tau zoo hauv cov tshuaj chloride ib puag ncig, txawm tias nws PREN qis dua me ntsis.
Weld Thaum tshav kub kub-Affected Zone (HAZ) Corrosion - C-22's Defining Advantage
Thaum twg cov hlau yog welded, cua sov los ntawm vuam ib ntus hloov cov microstructure ntawm hlau tam sim ntawd nyob ib sab ntawm cov hlaws vuam - tshav kub- cuam tshuam cheeb tsam. Hauv qee cov alloys, qhov no ua rau carbide nag lossis daus ntawm cov ciam teb, tsim chromium -depleted aav uas corrode nyiam.
C-22 tau tsim tshwj xeeb kom txo qis HAZ rhiab heev. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv chav kuaj thiab daim teb qhia tsis tu ncua qhia tau hais tias raws li -welded C-22 nthuav tawm cov nqi corrosion hauv HAZ uas yuav luag zoo ib yam rau cov hlau puag. Raws li-welded C-276, thaum tseem zoo heev, qhia tau hais tias qhov sib txawv loj dua ntawm lub hauv paus hlau thiab HAZ corrosion tus nqi.
Rau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg uas yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv raws li -welded mob - yam tsis tau tshaj tawm -weld tov annealing - qhov no feem ntau yog qhov txiav txim siab hauv kev qhia C-22.
|
Qhov xwm txheej |
C-276 HAZ Behavior |
C-22 HAZ Behavior |
|
Raws li -welded, txo cov kua qaub |
Zoo; me ntsis HAZ nres |
Zoo heev; HAZ tus nqi ≈ puag hlau |
|
Raws li -welded, oxidizing acid pab |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
|
Raws li -welded, chloride/pitting kev pab cuam |
Zoo |
Zoo heev |
|
Ncej -weld tov annealed (1,120℃WQ) |
Zoo heev |
Zoo heev |
|
Tom qab-weld cua sov yuav tsum tau kho? |
Pom zoo rau kev pabcuam tseem ceeb |
Feem ntau tsis tas yuav tsum tau |
Mechanical Properties
Ob lub alloys xa cov kev ua haujlwm zoo heev rau lub nkoj siab thiab kev siv kav dej. Qhov sib txawv yog me me tab sis tsim nyog sau cia thaum tsim rau siab - kev pabcuam siab lossis siab kub siab.
|
Khoom |
C-276 (Ntxiv) |
C-22 (Annealed) |
Test Standard |
|
Tensile zog (min.) |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 690 MPa (100 ksi) |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 690 MPa (100 ksi) |
ASTM E8 |
|
0.2% Tawm Zog (min.) |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 283 MPa (41 ksi) |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug rau 310 MPa (45 ksi) |
ASTM E8 |
|
Elongation (min.) |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 40% |
Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 45% |
ASTM E8 |
|
Hardness (ntev) |
Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 100 HRB |
Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 100 HRB |
ASTM E18 |
|
Qhov ntom |
8.89 g / cm³ |
8.69 g / cm³ |
- |
|
Modulus ntawm Elasticity |
205 GPa (29.8 Mpsi) |
211 GPa (30.6 Mpsi) |
- |
|
Thermal Expansion (20-100 degree) |
11.2 µm/m· degree |
12.7 µm/m· degree |
ASTM E228 |
|
Thermal conductivity (ntawm 100 degree) |
10.2 W/m·K |
10.1 W/m·K |
- |
|
Tensile zog ntawm 500 degree |
~ 550 MPa |
~ 560 MPa |
Kwv yees li |
|
Tensile zog ntawm 800 degree |
~ 340 MPa |
~ 350 MPa |
Kwv yees li |
Nco tseg:Yam tsawg kawg nkaus tus nqi ntawm ASTM B575 rau phaj / ntawv. C-22 muaj qhov tsawg dua qhov ua tau zoo dua me ntsis - tau txais txiaj ntsig hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob siab siab. Tus nqi ntawm qhov kub siab yog kwv yees los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm.
Cov qauv siv tau thiab ASME Code Txais
Ob lub alloys raug them los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab tau lees paub los ntawm ASME Boiler thiab Pressure Vessel Code - ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov hlab ntsha siab thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv kev tswj hwm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb.
|
Yam khoom |
C-276 Txuj |
C-22 Txuj |
Kev piav qhia |
|
Phaj / Sheet / Sawb |
ASTM B 575 Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb |
ASTM B 575 Cov Lus Qhia Tshwj Xeeb |
Pav ca-cov khoom dov rau lub nkoj plhaub, taub hau, baffles |
|
Seamless Yeeb Nkab |
ASTM B 622 2 |
ASTM B 622 2 |
Cov txheej txheem piping, kub exchanger plhaub |
|
Welded yeeb nkab |
ASTM B619 Cov khoom lag luam |
ASTM B619 Cov khoom lag luam |
Loj - txoj kab uas hla piping khiav |
|
Tube (seamless) |
ASTM B 622 2 |
ASTM B 622 2 |
Kub exchanger tubes, condensers |
|
Bar / Qws |
ASTM B574 |
ASTM B574 |
Flanges, shafts, bolting (tsis yog -tus qauv) |
|
Fittings |
ASTM B 366 Cov khoom siv |
ASTM B 366 Cov khoom siv |
Lub luj tshib, tees, reducers |
|
Forgings |
ASTM B564 |
ASTM B564 |
Nozzles, flanges, valve lub cev |
|
Vuam Hlau / Filler |
AWS A5.14 ERNiCrMo-4 |
AWS A5.14 ERNiCrMo-10 |
Matching muab tub lim hlau rau vuam |
|
European sib npaug |
2.4819 |
2.4602 |
EN 10 npe |
|
ASME Pressure Vessel |
Tshooj II Part B |
Tshooj II Part B |
Code txais rau cov khoom siv siab |
|
ASME Piping Code |
B31.3 |
B31.3 |
Txheej txheem kav dej tsim |
Nco tseg:Ib txwm lees paub cov ntawv tsim nyog ntawm txhua tus qauv nrog koj qhov tshwj xeeb engineering. Kev tsim lub nkoj siab kuj tseem yuav tsum tau siv ASME Code Cases thiab tso cai rau cov txiaj ntsig kev ntxhov siab los ntawm ASME Tshooj II Ntu D.
Hom Kev Siv Hauv Cov Khoom Siv Tshuaj
Qhov twg C-276 feem ntau qhia
Hydrochloric acid ntau lawm thiab tuav cov khoom - kab, reactors, kub exchangers
Kev ntub dej hydrogen chloride (HCl gas) ib puag ncig - tshwj xeeb hauv VCM (vinyl chloride monomer) cov nroj tsuag
Sulfuric acid pickling systems ntawm nruab nrab concentrations
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbers - chloride-cov kabmob, txo cov xwm txheej
Cov roj qaub (H₂S + CO₂) kev pabcuam hauv cov roj thiab roj ua haujlwm
Acetic acid thiab formic acid pab (txo cov organic acids)
Pulp thiab ntawv digesters - kraft cawv ib puag ncig
Fertilizer nroj tsuag - ammonium sulfate thiab phosphate ntws nrog cov kab mob
Pharmaceutical fermentation hlab ntsha uas HCl yog cov txheej txheem tshuaj
Qhov twg C22 feem ntau qhia
Mixed-acid ib puag ncig (H₂SO₄ + HNO₃, H₃PO₄ + HF, HCl + HNO₃) - muaj nyob rau hauv semiconductor, kws tshuaj, thiab tshwj xeeb tshuaj nroj tsuag
Nitric acid thiab nitric/hydrofluoric acid sib tov - hlau pickling, nuclear roj reprocessing
Kev pabcuam chlorine thiab hypochlorite - tshuaj dawb, kev kho dej
Raws li -welded chemical nkoj qhov twg tom qab-weld annealing yog impractical lossis nqi- txwv tsis pub
Tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj tua kab mob - complex multi-acid process streams
High -purity chemical ntau lawm - qhov twg HAZ corrosion tuaj yeem ua kom pom cov hlau tsis huv
Khib acid rov qab thiab neutralization systems
Marine chemical tanker linings - oxidizing seawater + tshuaj cargo ua ke
Pharmaceutical multi- lub hom phiaj reactors - tuav hloov cov khoom ntws
Tiag -Kev Tshawb Fawb Ntiaj Teb
Cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb cog ua haujlwm HCl nqus kem hauv ntub dej, txo cov xwm txheej tau ntsib kev txhim kho corrosion thiab nquag kaw tsis tu ncua siv 316L stainless hlau. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv txheeb xyuas 10% HCl ntawm 80℃raws li qhov kev pabcuam. C-276 phaj thiab yeeb nkab tau teev tseg rau lub plhaub sab hauv, sab hauv, thiab cov kav dej txuas.
Cov txiaj ntsig: Tom qab tsib xyoos ntawm kev ua haujlwm tas mus li, kev tshuaj xyuas tau pom tias qhov corrosion qis dua 0.1 hli / xyoo thoob plaws tag nrho C-276 cov khoom, tsis muaj pitting lossis crevice nres. Qhov kev cia siab rau lub neej ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj 20 xyoo - qhov kev txhim kho tseem ceeb tshaj 18 lub hlis dhau los hloov pauv nrog 316L.
Zaj Lus Qhia:Hauv kev pabcuam txo cov kua qaub - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog HCl - C-276 cov ntsiab lus molybdenum siab dua muab cov nqi corrosion uas C-22 tsis tuaj yeem sib npaug ntawm tus nqi sib npaug. Tsis txhob tshaj C-22 thaum C-276 yuav ua tau zoo dua.
Lub chaw tsim tshuaj intermediates xav tau 10,000-litre jacketed reactor muaj peev xwm tuav tau: dilute H₂SO₄ rau kev hloov pH; hydrogen peroxide (oxidizing); sodium hypochlorite rau kev ntxuav hauv qhov chaw (CIP); thiab ntau yam ntawm cov organic acids.
Lub reactor tau tsim los ntawm orbital TIG vuam yam tsis muaj kev tshaj tawm -weld solution annealing. C-22 tau raug xaiv los ntawm nws qhov zoo tshaj HAZ corrosion tsis kam hla tag nrho plaub txoj kev ntws thiab nws cov kev ua tau zoo hauv oxidizing (H₂O₂, NaOCl) ib puag ncig.
Cov txiaj ntsig tau: Kaum- xyoo kev tshuaj xyuas tsis pom muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm qhov chaw vuam, cov hlau hauv paus, lossis cov nozzles. Cov neeg siv tshuaj tau ua tiav FDA cov txheej txheem validation yam tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv - cuam tshuam txog qhov teeb meem.
Zaj Lus Qhia:Rau ntau-cov kev pabcuam reactors raug rau ob qho tib si txo thiab oxidizing kwj, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau raws li -welded fabrications, C-22 feem ntau yog qis dua - pheej hmoo thiab qis dua - lifecycle- tus nqi xaiv - txawm tias tus nqi pib dua me ntsis.
Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau teeb tsa ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob zoo tib yam desulfurization (FGD) ib txhij: ib qho yog tsim los ntawm C-276 phaj, lwm qhov los ntawm C-22.
Qhov chaw pabcuam muaj sulfuric acid, chlorides (txog 80,000 ppm Cl⁻), thiab cov pa oxygen sib txawv.
Tom qab yim xyoo ntawm kev pab cuam, corrosion mapping pom:
C-276 scrubber: uniform corrosion tus nqi 0.04-0.08 hli / xyoo nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus hlau; 0.10-0.15 hli / xyoo nyob rau hauv weld HAZ aav.
C-22 scrubber: uniform corrosion tus nqi 0.03-0.06 mm/yr nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus hlau; 0.04-0.07 hli / xyoo nyob rau hauv weld HAZ aav - qhov tseem ceeb sib piv cov hlau ua haujlwm.
Zaj Lus Qhia:Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj chloride heev-cov kab mob sib xyaw-acid ib puag ncig (ib qho xwm txheej FGD), C-22's HAZ kom zoo dua txhais ua qhov ntsuas tau txo qis hauv qhov ntev- lub sij hawm corrosion nres hauv weld- thaj chaw nyob ib sab - thaj chaw uas muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm phab ntsa.
Yuav Ua Li Cas Xaiv: Lub Txheej Txheem Kev Txiav Txim Siab
Siv cov kauj ruam nram qab no -los ntawm- kauj ruam logic los xaiv cov hlau zoo rau koj daim ntawv thov. Rau txoj kab ciam teb los yog ntau- xwm txheej, ib txwm koom nrog tus kws tshaj lij kev txhim kho corrosion thiab thov qhov chaw- cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb daim coupon kuaj.
Kauj Ruam 1 - Txheeb xyuas lub hauv paus acid ib puag ncig.Txo cov kua qaub (HCl, dilute H₂SO₄, HF) → C-276 yog thawj qhov kev xaiv. Oxidizing acids (HNO₃, concentrated H₂SO₄, H₂O₂, hypochlorite) → C-22 yog thawj qhov kev xaiv. Kev sib xyaw lossis hloov cov kua qaub ib puag ncig → C-22 feem ntau yog qhov kev nyab xeeb dua.
Kauj ruam 2 - Ntsuas cov tshuaj chloride concentration thiab pitting txaus ntshai.Hauv qab 10,000 ppm Cl⁻ ntawm nruab nrab kub → ob qho tib si alloy yog haum. Tshaj 10,000 ppm Cl⁻ los yog hauv dej hiav txwv + tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke → C-22's superior as-welded crevice corrosion kuj ua rau nws nyiam.
Kauj Ruam 3 - Ntsuas cov khoom tsim thiab vuam yuav tsum tau ua.Yog tias ncej-weld solution annealing (PWSA) ua tau → yog alloy; xaiv ntawm kev ua haujlwm corrosion. Yog tias cov khoom siv yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv raws li -welded mob (cov hlab ntsha loj, qhov chaw-fabricated piping, nruj sijhawm) → C-22's HAZ kuj yog ib qho kev sib cav muaj zog rau nws xaiv.
Kauj ruam 4 - Txheeb xyuas qhov kub thiab txias.Ob qho tag nrho cov alloys tsim nyog txog li 500℃hauv feem ntau cov kev pabcuam tshuaj. Tshaj 500℃hauv oxidizing cua, ob qho tib si tseem siv tau. Paub meej nrog ASME Tshooj II Tshooj D tso cai rau kev ntxhov siab ntawm koj qhov ntsuas kub tsim.
Kauj ruam 5 - Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub neej, tsis yog tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv xwb.C-22 feem ntau raug nqi 5-15% ntau dua hauv cov khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias C-22 tshem tawm lub voj voog uas xav tau PWSA lossis txuas ntxiv lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas los ntawm 3 mus rau 7 xyoo, qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub neej yuav zoo dua C-22. Thov tag nrho tus nqi ntawm kev ua tswv cuab (TCO) tsom xam los ntawm koj tus neeg muag khoom.
|
Kev Pabcuam |
Pom zoo Alloy |
Kev ntseeg siab |
|
Hydrochloric acid (txhua qhov concentration, siab kub) |
C-276 |
Siab |
|
HCl ntub dej ib puag ncig |
C-276 |
Siab |
|
Nitric acid (tag nrho cov concentration) |
C-22 |
Siab |
|
Nitric / hydrofluoric acid sib tov |
C-22 |
Siab |
|
Mixed H₂SO₄ + HCl ntws |
C-22 |
Siab |
|
Ntshiab H₂SO₄ (dilute, <30%) |
Los yog |
Nruab nrab - kuaj pom zoo |
|
Hypochlorite / tshuaj dawb |
C-22 |
Siab |
|
FGD scrubber (siab Cl⁻, tov kua qaub) |
C-22 |
Siab |
|
Kua qaub (H₂S + CO₂) - tsis muaj zog acid |
C-276 |
Siab |
|
Raws li -welded fabrications, tsis muaj PWSA |
C-22 |
Siab |
|
Ntau- lub hom phiaj reactor, hloov kwj |
C-22 |
Nruab nrab-siab |
|
Txo cov organic acids (acetic, formic) |
C-276 |
Nruab nrab-siab |
|
Phosphoric acid + halide impurities |
C-22 |
Nruab nrab |
|
Kev txo qis heev + oxidizing ua ke |
Tham engineer - tshwj xeeb alloy tej zaum yuav tsum tau |
Case- tshwj xeeb |
Tus nqi tag nrho ntawm cov tswv cuab: Tshaj li tus nqi ib kilogram
Ib qho yuam kev ntawm kev yuav khoom yog ntsuas cov nickel alloys nkaus xwb ntawm cov khoom siv thawj zaug. Rau cov khoom siv tshuaj ua haujlwm tshaj li 15-25 xyoo tsim lub neej, tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv feem ntau tsuas yog 20-35% ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm lub neej. Kev tu, tshuaj xyuas, kev poob qis, thiab kev hloov pauv ua rau feem ntau ntawm kev siv nyiaj.
|
Nqi Factor |
C-276 |
C-22 |
|
Cov khoom siv pib nqi |
Lub hauv paus |
+5 rau +15% premium |
|
Ncej -weld solution annealing (PWSA) |
Feem ntau xav tau kev pabcuam tseem ceeb |
Tej zaum yuav raug tshem tawm - txuag 8–15% ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom |
|
Kev tshuaj xyuas zaus |
Feem ntau, 3-5 xyoo voj voog |
Tej zaum yuav txuas mus rau 5-7 xyoo (tsawg HAZ nres) |
|
Cia siab rau kev pab cuam lub neej |
Zoo heev nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ib puag ncig |
Zoo heev; ntev lub neej nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig sib xyaw |
|
Hloov / kho tus nqi |
Lub hauv paus |
Zoo sib xws los yog qis dua 20-xyoo qab ntug |
|
Corrosion tsis ua hauj lwm txaus ntshai |
Tsawg - hauv kev txo qis ib puag ncig |
Tsawg - nyob rau ntau qhov chaw nyob |
|
Kev tswj hwm kev ua raws cai (ASME / FDA) |
Ua raws li tag nrho |
Ua raws li tag nrho |
Thov ib tug 20-xyoo lifecycle tus nqi qauv los ntawm koj tus neeg muag khoom. suav nrog tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv, fabrication (welding + PWSA), lub sijhawm tshuaj xyuas, thiab kev kwv yees hloov qhov tshwm sim. Hauv ntau qhov sib xyaw-acid scenarios, C-22 tus nqi tag nrho ntawm lub neej yog sib npaug lossis qis dua C-276 - txawm tias tus nqi pib siab dua ib kilogram.
Cov lus nug nquag
Tsis yog. C-22 excels hauv oxidizing, sib xyaw-acid, thiab raws li -welded ib puag ncig. C-276 yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev txiav txim siab txo cov kua qaub - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hydrochloric acid thiab qaub roj ib puag ncig - qhov twg nws cov ntsiab lus molybdenum siab dua txhais ncaj qha kom txo qis corrosion. Tsis yog alloy yog universally superior; qhov kev xaiv raug yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw pabcuam.
Yog lawm. Qhov sib txawv ntawm vuam ntawm C-276 rau C-22 yog technically ua tau. Siv ERNiCrMo-10 (C-22 muab tub lim) lossis ERNiCrMo-4 (C-276 muab tub lim) - paub meej nrog koj tus kws ua haujlwm vuam raws li qhov chaw pabcuam tseem ceeb. Tom qab-weld tov annealing yog pom zoo rau qhov tseem ceeb corrosive kev pab cuam qhov twg HAZ corrosion kuj yuav tsum maximized.
Ob lub alloys raug ntsuas rau kev pabcuam txuas ntxiv mus txog kwv yees li 1,040℃(1,900℃F) hauv oxidizing atmospheres ib ASME kev taw qhia. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov kev pabcuam ntub dej xeb, kev ua haujlwm kub feem ntau yog qis dua 300 degree. Cov txiaj ntsig kev ntxhov siab tso cai rau kev tsim cov hlab ntsha siab yuav tsum raug coj los ntawm ASME Tshooj II Ntu D ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb tsim kub.
Yog - ib yam li tag nrho cov nickel alloys, zam kev sib cuag nrog sulfur- muaj cov khoom sib txuas ( roj, cov cim, daim kab xev) ntawm qhov kub siab, vim muaj cov sulfur embrittlement tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Khaws cia kom deb ntawm cov pa roj carbon steel kom tsis txhob muaj cov kab mob hlau nyob rau saum npoo, uas tuaj yeem pib xeb. Ntxuav qhov chaw nrog kev pom zoo stainless- cov tshuaj ntxuav tau zoo nkaus xwb.
Yog lawm. Hastelloy C-276 sib raug rau EN lub npe 2.4819 (NiMo16Cr15W). Hastelloy C-22 sib raug rau EN 2.4602 (NiCr21Mo14W). Ob leeg muaj nyob rau EN 10028-7 (cov khoom tiaj tus) thiab EN 10216-5 (cov raj seamless) yog siv tau.
Standard stocked khoom (phaj, yeeb nkab nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg) feem ntau xa tuaj tsis pub dhau 2-6 lub lis piam los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij distributors. Kev cai qhov ntev, cov yeeb nkab phab ntsa hnyav, forgings, thiab tsis yog- cov qauv khoom yuav xav tau 12-20 lub lis piam los ntawm kev txiav txim zeb. Paub meej tias muaj thiab cov sij hawm ua nrog koj tus neeg muag khoom thaum ntxov ntawm qhov project engineering theem.
Yog lawm. Nyob ntawm qhov chaw tshwj xeeb, lwm txoj hauv kev suav nrog: Hastelloy C-2000 (txhim kho oxidizing acid tsis kam), Alloy 59 (UNS N06059, siab Mo + Cr), Inconel 686 (hnyav pitting resistance), thiab Hastelloy B-3 (HCl thiab txo cov kua qaub tsis muaj chromium). Rau ib puag ncig sib xyaw ua ke kub thiab cov kua qaub sib xyaw, cov khoom tshwj xeeb xws li 625 lossis 825 kuj raug ntsuas. Tham nrog tus kws tshaj lij kev txhim kho corrosion rau ib puag ncig sab nraud tus qauv C-276 / C-22 lub hnab ntawv ua haujlwm.
Xaus
Hastelloy C-276 thiab C-22 yog ob qho tib si cov ntaub ntawv zoo heev - ntawm cov khoom siv corrosion-resistant tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kev lag luam. Lo lus nug tsis yog ib qho twg yog 'zoo dua' tab sis qhov twg yog qhov zoo rau koj cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb chemistry.
|
Xaiv C-276 thaum… |
Xaiv C-22 thaum… |
|
Lub hauv paus acid yog HCl los yog ntub HCl roj |
Thawj cov kua qaub yog HNO₃ lossis oxidizing |
|
Qhov kev pabcuam feem ntau txo qis |
Ib puag ncig yog sib xyaw oxidizing thiab txo |
|
Cov roj ntsha qaub (H₂S, CO₂) tam sim no |
Cov tshuaj hypochlorite los yog peroxide yuav tsum raug |
|
Kev siv nyiaj ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev sib tw txo kev pabcuam |
Raws li -welded fabrication yuav tsum tau - tsis muaj PWSA |
|
Ntau xyoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teb hauv cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb muaj nyob |
Lub nkoj ua haujlwm ntau lossis hloov cov txheej txheem ntws |
|
Ntev -lub sij hawm txo cov kua qaub cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau |
Qhov siab tshaj plaws HAZ corrosion kuj tau teev tseg |
Ob lub alloys muaj los ntawm peb cov khoom tsim thiab kev faib tawm hauv phaj, yeeb nkab, fittings, bar, thiab forgings - rau ASTM, ASME, thiab EN cov qauv. Peb pab neeg ua haujlwm muab kev txhawb nqa kev xaiv cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho, cov ntawv pov thawj zeb, thiab thib peb -cov kev pabcuam tshuaj xyuas.
Hu rau peb Lub Chaw Haujlwm Nickel Alloy rau kev sib tham txog kev xaiv cov khoom siv, cov lus sib tw, lossis nkag mus rau peb lub tsev qiv ntawv cov ntaub ntawv corrosion - suav nrog daim coupon xeem cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb rau koj qhov chaw ua haujlwm.
Haynes International: Hastelloy C-276 Alloy Cov Ntaub Ntawv Cov Ntawv (tsawg kawg)
Haynes International: Hastelloy C-22 Alloy Data Sheet (tsawg kawg)
ASTM B575 - Txuj Specification rau Tsawg-Carbon Nickel-Molybdenum-Chromium Alloy Phaj, Ntawv, thiab Sawb
ASTM B622 - Txuj kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau Seamless Ni thiab Ni-Alloy Yeeb thiab Tube
ASTM B574 - Txuj Specification rau Tsawg-Carbon Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy Qws
ASTM B564 - Txuj Specification rau Nickel Alloy Forgings
ASME Seem II Ntu B - Cov Khoom Siv Tsis-ferrous Specifications
ASME Seem II Ntu D - Cov Khoom (Tswj Tso Cai)
ASME B31.3 - Txheej Txheem Piping Code
ASM Phau Ntawv Phau Ntawv Volume 13B: Corrosion: Materials (ASM International)
NACE International / AMPP: Corrosion Data Survey - Hlau Ntu (6th Edition)
TS EN 10028-7: Cov khoom lag luam tiaj tus ua los ntawm cov hlau rau lub hom phiaj siab - Stainless hlau
