Vuam txheej txheem Specification (WPS) rau Nickel Alloys: Qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsis yog -Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib txawv

Dab tsi yog Vuam Txheej Txheem Specification (WPS) rau Nickel Alloys?

WPS yog ib daim ntawv sau, code- daim ntawv qhia tsim nyog uas qhia tus kws kho qhov muag raws nraim yuav ua li cas thiaj tsim tau lub suab nickel alloy vuam, thiab nws tsuas yog siv tau thaum nws tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Cov Txheej Txheem Kev Ntsuas Cov Ntaub Ntawv (PQR).

Cov txheej txheem Vuam Specification yog cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm uas teev txhua qhov kev ntsuas uas tus neeg siv khoom xav tau: hom hlau puag, muab tub lim hlau, sib koom tsim, preheat thiab interpass kub, shielding roj, amperage thiab voltage ntau, kev ceev ceev, thiab post-weld heat treatment, yog tias xav tau. Rau nickel alloys xws liIb 625, ib 718, Hastelloy C276, thiabMonel 400, WPS tsis yog cov lus qhia; Nws yog ib qho kev cai lij choj thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj zoo, los ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev ntsuas vuam (PQR), tias cov ntawv teev npe ua rau muaj kev sib koom ua ke raws li qhov yuav tsum tau muaj zog, ductility, thiab corrosion kuj.

Vim tias cov nickel alloys siv rau hauv corrosive, siab - kub, thiab cov kev pabcuam cryogenic, xws li cov kav dej tawm sab nrauv, cov tshuaj reactors, thiab cov khoom siv hauv aerospace, ib qho tsis tsim nyog lossis tswj tsis tau zoo WPS tuaj yeem ua rau tawg, tsis muaj corrosion, lossis hauv - kev pabcuam tsis ua haujlwm. Qhov no yog vim li cas ASME Section IX, AWS D10.18/D18.2, thiab ISO 15614-1 nruj nreem txhais cov variables yuav tsis hloov yam tsis muaj kev tsim nyog.

Qhov txawv ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsis yog -Qhov txawv txav tseem ceeb yog dab tsi?

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov hloov pauv hloov lub vuam cov khoom siv kho tshuab lossis corrosion thiab yuav tsum muaj qhov tsim nyog; tsis yog - qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem vuam lossis kev tsim khoom thiab tuaj yeem hloov kho ntawm WPS yam tsis muaj kev sim tshiab.

Vuam cov lej faib txhua qhov ntsuas hauv WPS rau hauv ib qho ntawm peb pawg. Nkag siab qhov kev faib tawm no yog ib qho txuj ci tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau txhua tus neeg sau ntawv, tshuaj xyuas, lossis tshuaj xyuas cov nickel alloy WPS.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov pauv: Ib qho kev hloov pauv dhau ntawm qhov tsim nyog tau ua tsis raug rau WPS thiab yuav tsum muaj PQR tshiab nrog cov tshuab tshiab thiab, qhov twg siv tau, kev kuaj corrosion.

Ntxiv Qhov Tseem Ceeb Tseem Ceeb: Thov tsuas yog thaum WPS tsim nyog rau kev ntsuas ntsuas -tuaj yeem (kev cuam tshuam), feem ntau hauv cov ntawv thov cryogenic thiab offshore nickel alloy; ib qho kev hloov yuav tsum muaj qhov tsim nyog rau qhov toughness.

Tsis yog -Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov hloov pauv: tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv WPS daim ntawv nws tus kheej, yam tsis muaj qhov tsim nyog, vim tias lawv tsis hloov pauv cov khoom sib koom ua ke.

Dab tsi yog qhov tseem ceeb hloov pauv rau Nickel Alloy WPS?

Cov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau cov nickel alloys raws li ASME Tshooj IX (QW-404 txog QW-411) muaj xws li cov hlau puag P-number/UNS pawg, muab tub lim hlau F-number thiab A-number, vuam txheej txheem, preheat thiab interpass kub txwv, groove tsim rov qab thiab kho cov yam ntxwv.

Daim ntawv teev npe yog nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem vuam (SMAW, GTAW, GMAW, SAW), tab sis rau cov nickel alloys cov hauv qab no raug kho raws li qhov tseem ceeb:

Base hlau pawg (P-Number/UNS):Kev hloov pauv rau lub hauv paus hlau sab nraum qhov tsim nyog P-Number lossis npib tsib xee alloy pawg yuav tsum muaj kev tsim nyog, txij li cov hlau xws li Hastelloy C-276 (UNS N10276) thiab Inconel 625 (UNS N06625) muaj cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm cov alloying thiab tawg rhiab heev.

Filler hlau F-Number thiab A-Number:Hloov cov khoom siv hlau hloov pauv hloov vuam hlau chemistry, uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau corrosion kuj thiab kub - cracking susceptibility nyob rau hauv npib tsib xee alloys.

Vuam txheej txheem:Hloov los ntawm GTAW mus rau GMAW, piv txwv li, hloov cov khoom cua sov, dilution, thiab txias npaum li cas, tag nrho cov no cuam tshuam rau nickel alloy microstructure.

Preheat thiab interpass kub:Nickel alloys muaj cov thermal conductivity tsawg thiab muaj qhov kub kub tawg, yog li qhov siab tshaj plaws interpass kub (feem ntau 300 txog 350 degrees Fahrenheit) yog kho raws li qhov tseem ceeb, tsis zoo li hauv carbon steel vuam qhov uas nws nquag tsis yog -tseem ceeb.

Tom qab-weld heat treatment (PWHT):Ntxiv, tshem tawm, lossis hloov PWHT lub sijhawm thiab qhov kub thiab txias yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias nws hloov cov nag lossis daus - cov lus teb nyuaj thiab qhov seem ntawm cov hlau alloys xws li Inconel 718.

Shielding gas thiab thaub qab gas muaj pes tsawg leeg:Nickel alloys yog cov rhiab heev rau atmospheric paug; Kev hloov pauv hauv hom roj lossis kev tshem tawm cov roj rov qab tuaj yeem ua rau oxidation lossis porosity, ob qho tib si tseem ceeb -variable triggers.

Cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob:Hom tam sim no (AC / DC), polarity, thiab qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias lawv tswj cov dilution thiab weld pool fluidity.

Groove tsim thiab thickness ntau yam tsim nyog:Ib qho kev sib koom ua ke lossis lub hauv paus hlau tuab uas ntog sab nraum qhov ntau ntawm PQR daim coupon xeem tsis tsim nyog.

Dab tsi yog qhov tsis yog -Qhov tseem ceeb hloov pauv rau Nickel Alloy WPS?

Tsis yog- qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem npog- cov ntsiab lus theem xws li txoj hlua piv rau cov hlaws hlaws, kev ntxuav ntawm kev hla, lub kaum sab xis, qhov loj ntawm tungsten electrode, thiab cov kev hloov kho me me, uas tuaj yeem hloov kho ntawm WPS yam tsis muaj kev sim tshiab.

Vim tias tsis yog - qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb tsis tas yuav tsum muaj qhov tsim nyog, lawv muab cov kws ua haujlwm welding yooj yooj yim los hloov cov txheej txheem pov thawj rau ntau lub khw muag khoom. Yam tsis yog - qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom sib txawv rau nickel alloy vuam suav nrog:

Txoj hlua hlaws piv rau cov txheej txheem weave hlaws, nyob rau hauv qhov tsim nyog dav txwv.

Txoj kev ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam kev tu (tshuaj txhuam hniav nrog ib qho tshwj xeeb stainless/nickel-tsuas yog txhuam, los yog sib tsoo).

Tshem tawm ntawm qhov pib thiab zaum kawg weld pass khi- rau kev sib tsoo kom zoo nkauj.

Cov kev hloov me me rau lub kaum sab xis, tiv tauj - lus qhia - mus rau - ua hauj lwm nyob deb, los yog oscillation dav.

Txoj hauj lwm, thaum WPS twb tsim nyog nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm uas npog txoj hauj lwm ntawm kev siv (piv txwv li, ib tug 6G- tsim nyog WPS npog 1G txog 5G).

Cov cuab yeej pabcuam xws li cov tswj cov mem tes, muab qhov tsim nyog tam sim no thiab qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob tsis dhau.

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm engineering yog qhov no: yog tias qhov kev hloov pauv tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim, los ntawm txoj cai lij choj lossis los ntawm cov laj thawj metallurgical, hloov lub zog tensile, khoov ductility, cuam tshuam toughness, los yog corrosion kuj ntawm qhov sib koom ua ke, nws raug cais raws li tsis yog - qhov tseem ceeb.

Vim li cas Nickel Alloys rhiab heev rau qhov tseem ceeb hloov pauv ntau dua li carbon hlau?

Nickel alloys ua kom muaj zog dua qhov dav, qhov kub thiab txias ntau dua, ua kom sov dua maj mam, thiab muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog rau sulfur, txhuas, thiab lwm yam qis - melting- cov kab mob kis, yog li qhov tsis tseem ceeb rau cov pa roj carbon steel, xws li kev sib tshuam kub thiab kev ntxuav, ua qhov tseem ceeb rau cov nickel alloys.

Ntau tus yam ntxwv metallurgical ntawm nickel alloys piav qhia vim li cas WPS tswj tau nruj dua:

Tsawg thermal conductivity:Thaum tshav kub kub concentrates nyob rau hauv lub zos es tsis txhob dissipating, yog li ntau interpass kub ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kub tawg thiab grain loj hlob.

Wide solidification ntau yam:Nickel alloys tsim ib qho nqaij tawv, ob-theem cheeb tsam thaum lub caij txias, uas yog qhov cuam tshuam rau kev ua kom khov (kub) tawg yog tias tsis muaj cua sov los yog tswj tsis tau.

High coefficient ntawm thermal expansion:Nickel alloys nthuav dav thiab cog lus ntau dua li cov pa roj carbon steel, ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau ntxiv thiab cuam tshuam, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Contamination rhiab heev:Cov kab mob sulfur, lead, phosphorus, los yog zinc, pauv los ntawm cov cim crayons, txiav cov roj, los yog sib koom sib tsoo log, tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua-hlau embrittlement, yog li kev tu thiab cuab yeej siv hnyav dua li carbon steel fabrication.

Corrosion kev ua tau zoo yog chemistry- nyob ntawm:Tsis zoo li cov pa roj carbon steel, qhov twg lub zog siv tshuab feem ntau yog qhov kev txhawj xeeb tseem ceeb, cov nickel alloys feem ntau xaiv tshwj xeeb rau kev tiv thaiv corrosion, yog li txhua qhov sib txawv uas hloov vuam hlau chemistry, xws li cov hlau muab tub lim lossis cov roj tiv thaiv, muaj qhov tsis zoo, qhov tseem ceeb - theem nyhuv.

Cov lej twg tswj hwm WPS Kev Tsim Nyog rau Nickel Alloys?

ASME Tshooj IX yog thawj qhov kev siv rau qhov tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb ntxiv, thiab tsis yog - qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv North America; AWS D10.18/D18.2 ntxiv nickel-alloy-cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb, thaum ISO 15614-1 thiab NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 thov rau cov haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev pabcuam kev pabcuam corrosion.

ASME Tshooj IX (Boiler thiab Pressure Vessel Code):Txhais qhov tseem ceeb, ntxiv qhov tseem ceeb, thiab tsis yog - qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb los ntawm cov txheej txheem vuam hauv QW-250 txog QW-267, thiab npog nickel alloy P-Numbers, feem ntau P-41 txog P-49 pawg.

AWS D10.18/D18.2:Muab vuam thiab tshuaj xyuas kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov hlau tsis muaj steel thiab npib tsib xee alloy piping thiab raj, nrog rau kev sib tshuam kub thiab kev pom zoo kom huv.

ISO 15614-1:Cov European thiab thoob ntiaj teb sib npaug rau cov txheej txheem tsim nyog, siv qhov tseem ceeb zoo sib xws - cov qauv sib txawv raws li cov kab lus sib txawv.

NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 Daim Ntawv Pov Thawj:Tswj cov khoom siv thiab vuam cov kev cai rau cov nickel alloys hauv qaub (H2S- muaj) roj thiab roj kev pab cuam, ntxiv hardness thiab corrosion- xeem cov kev cai nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov txheej txheem mechanical qualification.

ASME B31.3 / B31.1:Cov txheej txheem thiab cov kav dej hluav taws xob uas tau thov ASME IX rau cov txheej txheem tsim nyog thiab ntxiv cov kev pabcuam - cov cai tshwj xeeb rau cov kav dej nickel alloy.

Yuav ua li cas yog tias qhov tseem ceeb hloov pauv sab nraum nws qhov tsim nyog?

Txhua qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb sab nraud ntawm qhov tsim nyog tam sim ntawd cuam tshuam rau WPS rau kev siv ntau lawm, thiab yuav tsum tau ua ib qho kev ntsuas tshiab, kuaj, thiab sau rau hauv PQR tshiab lossis hloov kho ua ntej vuam tuaj yeem rov ua dua.

Hauv kev xyaum, qhov no txhais tau hais tias tus kws ua haujlwm vuam tsis tuaj yeem hloov kho cov ntaub ntawv thiab txuas ntxiv vuam. Daim coupon tshiab yuav tsum tau welded nyob rau hauv cov kev txwv tsis pub, tom qab ntawd raug rau qhov yuav tsum tau kuaj, feem ntau tensile, coj khoov, thiab, rau ntau nickel alloy daim ntaub ntawv, cuam tshuam thiab corrosion xeem (xws li ASTM G28 los yog G48 rau intergranular thiab pitting corrosion kuj). Tsuas yog tom qab daim coupon dhau tag nrho cov kev xeem uas xav tau tuaj yeem hloov kho WPS thiab tso tawm rau kev siv vuam ntau lawm. Hla cov kauj ruam no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nickel alloy weld tsis ua hauj lwm pom thaum lub sij hawm soj ntsuam zoo thiab tom qab- kev soj ntsuam tsis ua hauj lwm.

Yuav Ua Li Cas WPS Tsim Nyog Rau Nickel Alloys?

Kev tsim nyog ua raws li plaub kauj ruam - kauj ruam: txuas daim coupon xeem nyob rau hauv cov kev txwv tsis pub dhau, sim daim coupon rau cov cai yuav tsum tau, sau cov txiaj ntsig hauv PQR, tom qab ntawd muab cov khoom siv WPS xa mus rau PQR.

Kauj Ruam 1: Weld Daim Coupon Test

Ib tug kws tsim nyog welder tsim ib qho kev xeem welding siv lub hauv paus hlau, muab tub lim hlau, txheej txheem, thiab cov khoom siv rau kev tsim khoom, ua raws li cov kev ntsuas ua ntej uas tau xaiv los ntawm cov kev paub dhau los lossis cov ntaub ntawv muab tub lim hlau.

Kauj ruam 2: Kuaj daim coupon

Daim coupon no tau muab faib thiab sim raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua: kev ntsuas tensile kom paub meej tias lub zog, coj khoov kev sim kom paub meej tias ductility thiab kev ywj pheej los ntawm qhov tsis xws luag, thiab, thaum xav tau los ntawm daim ntawv thov, kev cuam tshuam (Charpy) kev sim rau kev nyuaj siab thiab kev kuaj corrosion rau pitting lossis intergranular nres tsis kam.

Kauj Ruam 3: Sau cov ntaub ntawv PQR

Cov Txheej Txheem Kev Tsim Nyog Cov Ntaub Ntawv khaws cov kev siv tiag tiag thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev xeem tiav. PQR yog cov pov thawj; WPS yog cov lus qhia muab los ntawm cov pov thawj ntawd.

Kauj Ruam 4: Tshaj Tawm WPS

WPS teev cov kev tsim nyog rau txhua qhov tseem ceeb, qhov tseem ceeb ntxiv, thiab tsis yog - qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb, thiab dhau los ua cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm uas cov vuam ua raws li hauv kev tsim khoom, raws li kev tsim nyog welder kev ua tau zoo (WPQ) rau txhua tus welder.

Qhov tseem ceeb vs. Tsis yog-Qhov tseem ceeb

Cov lus hauv qab no qhia txog yuav ua li cas tib yam sib txawv pawg raug kho sib txawv rau cov nickel alloys piv rau carbon steel, thiab seb qhov kev hloov pauv yuav tsum muaj qhov tsim nyog WPS.

Cov lus nug nquag

Puas yog cov hlau muab tub lim ib txwm yog qhov tseem ceeb hloov pauv rau cov nickel alloys?

Yog lawm. Raws li ASME Tshooj IX, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau muab tub lim F-Tus lej lossis A-Tus lej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau txhua txoj haujlwm, vim tias nickel alloy corrosion tsis kam thiab tawg tsis kam yog nyob ntawm kev sib tsoo hlau.

Puas yog WPS tsim nyog rau Inconel 625 siv rau Inconel 718?

Tsis yog tsis muaj kev tsim nyog nyob rau hauv feem ntau. Txawm hais tias ob qho tib si yog npib tsib xee-raws li, lawv poob rau hauv cov pab pawg hlau sib txawv nrog cov txheej txheem sib txawv zog (khoom-kev daws teeb meem los nag-} tawv), yog li kev hloov pauv hlau yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Puas yog txoj haujlwm vuam xav tau WPS kev tsim nyog rau cov nickel alloys?

Feem ntau tsis yog, yog tias WPS yog thawj zaug tsim nyog hauv txoj haujlwm, xws li 6G, uas los ntawm txoj cai lij choj suav nrog txoj haujlwm siv hauv kev tsim khoom. Txoj hauj lwm tsis yog - qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv ASME Tshooj IX.

Vim li cas interpass kub kho raws li qhov tseem ceeb rau nickel alloys tab sis tsis carbon steel?

Vim tias cov nickel alloys muaj cov thermal conductivity tsawg thiab muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv, cov cua kub ntau dhau ntawm qhov kev hla dhau yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kub tawg. Cov pa roj carbon steel dissipates cua sov zoo dua thiab tsis tshua muaj tawg -rhiab heev, yog li nws qhov kub ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam feem ntau tsis yog - qhov tseem ceeb.

Dab tsi yog qhov kev sim ntxiv rau cov nickel alloys tshaj qhov ntsuas tensile thiab khoov?

Ntau daim ntawv thov nickel alloy ntxiv kev kuaj corrosion, xws li ASTM G28 rau intergranular nres los yog ASTM G48 rau pitting thiab crevice corrosion kuj, ntxiv rau kev ntsuam xyuas thaum qhov kev pab cuam kub yuav tsum muaj pov thawj toughness.

Xaus

Kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseem ceeb thiab tsis yog - qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv; nws yog cov txheej txheem uas khaws cov nickel alloy weld lub zog txhua yam thiab corrosion kuj hauv cov pov thawj, kuaj txwv.

Kev tswj hwm nruj WPS yog qhov tso cai rau cov khoom siv nickel alloy los ua kev ntseeg siab hauv cov kev pabcuam hnyav tshaj plaws: cov roj av qaub, cov chaw ua tshuaj, thiab cov khoom siv cryogenic. Cov neeg tsim khoom thiab cov neeg tsim khoom siv kho qhov tseem ceeb- tswj hwm qhov sib txawv raws li kev qhuab qhia zoo, tsis yog cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm, ua kom cov welds uas dhau qhov kev sim thawj zaug thiab ua rau ntau xyoo hauv kev pabcuam. Rau cov haujlwm uas muaj Inconel, Hastelloy, Monel, lossis lwm yam npib tsib xee-raws li alloys, koom nrog tus tsim khoom nrog lub tsev qiv ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov pob khoom tsim nyog WPS/PQR thiab hauv - kev txhawb nqa hauv tsev metallurgical txo qis lub sij hawm pheej hmoo thiab ntev - tus nqi tu.